Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELS191 > M4 > Flashcards

M4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleoid are what type of shape of chromosomes and what type of membrane don’t they have

A

Single circular chromosomes
No nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

other small circular self replicating DNA can be found in the cytosol what are these known as

A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the cell wall of a bacteria is called what

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are two functions of peptidoglycan

A
  1. Provides strength - through their rigid macromolecular
  2. Protect cell from osmotic lysis and holds cell shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prokaryotes that lack cell walls are called

A

mycoplasmas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is Transpeptidase

A

enzyme that cross-links the peptidoglycan chains to form rigid cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define the structure of peptidoglycogen

A

mesh like and has a rigid macromolecule layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gram stain: staphylococcus aureus is what sign of cocci and what colour

A

positive, purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gram stain: Escherichia coli is what sign of cocci and what colour

A

negative, red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the structure of gram positive

A

cell wall is mad up of just thick peptidoglycan (darker colour has thick layer)
there is also a plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the structure of gram negative

A

outer membrane and thin layer of peptidoglycan makes up the cell wall
there is also another plasma membrane

So the peptidoglycan is in-between a plasma membrane sandwich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of bacteria flagella

A

some bacteria are capable of movement in the liquid medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does flagella move bacteria

A

acts like a propeller, cell rotates them to move through a liquid medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do chemotaxis do

A

move bacteria along concentration gradient towards chemical attractant OR away from chemical repellant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae

A

adhesive properties, cause bacteria to stick to surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function for pili

A

transfer genetic material from one to the other
conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

jelly polysaccaride or polypeptide outer covering

glue cover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glycocalyx disorganised, w.out shape, attach loosely is called what type of layer

A

slime layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glycocalyx orgainised, defined shape, attaches firmly what type of layer is this

A

capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are two capsule functions

A
  1. prevent bacteria from phagocytosis
  2. prevent cells from drying out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when are bacteria endosperms formed, when do they germinate and what do they help to protect

A

formed unfavable growth conditions
germinate w/ favable conditions
protect cells from stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are microbial ecology

A

the study of organism in there environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a microbiome

A

All microorganisms and their genes within a particular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is greater uncultured microbial or cultured world

A

uncultured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are 2 different microbial metabolism

A
  1. energy
  2. building blocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

explain the meaning by redox reaction

A

for every reaction there is an equal to opposite reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

autotrophs are seen as having which compound

A

carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

primary produces consit of what

A

autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

microbes exploit in different environment how

A
  1. light
  2. avoid competiition by turning antener to different wavelengths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

redox reaction controls what

A

flow of energy and breakdown of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is reverse transcription about

A

enzyme that turns RNA sequence back to DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

for reverse transcription what is the HIV genome turn into to insert into the genome

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is more error prone in reverse transcription DNA or RNA

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

does the HOV genome hold the record for the fastesr evolving thing

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is an example of most clear resistant viruses

A

AZT (1st)
triple therapy (now)
HAART (now)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the 5 stages of an infectious diseases

A
  1. inhibition
  2. Prodromal period
  3. illness
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the most infectious sign

A

illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

prodromal period of infectious disease

A

when you start to feel unwell - general symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Convalescence stage of the infectious disease is about what

A

when the infectious diseases is over and no signs occur (apart from the rare occasion)

40
Q

the disease refers to the incidence of disease including fatal and non fatal
is this mortality or morbility

A

morbility

41
Q

the disease is the number of new cases of the diesease in a given period - incidence or prevalence

A

incidence

42
Q

total number of new and exisiting cases in a population at a given time - incidence or prevalence

A

prevalence

43
Q

amount of particular disease that is usually present in a community referred to as the baseline or endemic level of the disease - endemic or epidemic

A

endemic

44
Q

sporadic - disease occurs infrequently and irregularly (T/F)

A

true

45
Q

increases often sudden in the number of disease above what is normally expected in that population - endemic or epidemic

A

epidemic

46
Q

what are 2 important factors that transfer horizontally by bacteria

A
  1. Virulence factors
  2. antibiotic resistance
47
Q

what does Virulence factors involve and an example

A

help bacteria survive in the host
e.g. streptococcus pneumonia

48
Q

what are the three types of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. configuration
49
Q

what is exotoxins

A

can be fatal

50
Q

what is endotoxins

A

can cause inflammation

51
Q

explain the term selective toxicity

A

Early treatments for infectious disease involved the use of highly toxic medicined - more harmful than actual disease

52
Q

the idea of chemical magic bullet for selective toxicity is about what

A

to kill microbial cells but NOT the host cell

53
Q

Colonies of bacterium staphylococcus bacteria could be destroyed by the mould -

A

peniilin

54
Q

how does penicillin work

A

interfering with normal formation of bacteria cell wall by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross link

55
Q

what is an enzyme produced by bacteria and used to destroy penicillin

A

Beta lacatamase

56
Q

what are four ways to reduce the spread of antibiotics resistance

A
  1. Decrease antibiotic utilisation
    1. Improve diagnostic
    2. Identify new targets
  2. Combination therapies
57
Q

what are the 6 points of chain of infections

A
  1. what is the bacteria
  2. where is it located
  3. how is exits
  4. mode of transmission
  5. how it enters
  6. who is at risk
58
Q

stage 1 of the chain of infection is called Causative agent what does this mean

A

what is the bacteria

59
Q

stage 2 of the chain of infection is aboue were it is located - what is this called

A

Reservoir/ source

60
Q

name some examples to break the chain of infection

A
  1. Fast treatment
  2. Good hygiene
  3. disinfecting
  4. identify those at risk taking special care of them
  5. wound care
61
Q

how is viruses like host

A

cant survive without host

62
Q

what do both naked and envelope viruses have

A
  1. genetic material
  2. capsule - is a protein coat which protect the genetic material
63
Q

what makes envelope viruses different to naked

A

envelop of lipids
that surrounds coat when outside the cell

64
Q

what are the 3 types of viral capsid symmetry

A
  1. Helical
    1. Icosahedral
  2. Complex
65
Q

what it is called where virus multiples in

A

host cell

66
Q

what does it mean by Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infect and replicate in bacteria

67
Q

what are the steps of Lytic replication cycle of bacteriophages

A
  1. Attach
    1. Penetrate
    2. Uncoat
    3. Genome replication and gene expression
    4. Assembly
  2. Release
68
Q

what two stages of Lytic replication cycle of bacteriophages are done at the same time

A

Penetrate and uncoat
2 & 3

69
Q

what are the stages of replication cycle of enveloped

A
  1. spike bind to ACE2 receptor
    2/ 3. cell entry/fusion
  2. genome translation, viral mRNA synthesis, viral mRNA and genome, trnaslation
  3. assembly
  4. exoctyosis
70
Q

The HIV genome changes rapidly due to:

A

.
Error prone replication by reverse transcriptase.

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major bacterial group found in healthy humans?

A

Chlamydiae.

72
Q

Which growth phase of a ‘closed’ batch culture system would a microbiologist use to calculate the maximum doubling time (growth rate) of a bacterium?

A

Exponential phase.

73
Q

Bacterial endotoxins are

A

lipopolysaccharides.

74
Q

The antibiotic penicillin principally kills bacteria by:

A

breaking a bond in the lactam ring.

75
Q

why do microbes harvest carbs from autotrophs

A

source of carbon and energy

76
Q

what are pros to culture dependent

A
  • access to phenotype
  • study one organism at a time
77
Q

what are pros to culture independent

A

genotype
study many organisms

78
Q

what region of the host cell does SARS CoV-2 replicates

A

cytoplasm

79
Q

what enzyme replicates the SARS COV 2 viral RNA

A

RNA polymase

80
Q

waht is the host cell receptor for SARSCoV2

A

ACE 2

81
Q

how can people get infected by HIV

A

through bodily fluids e.g. saliva

82
Q

are trees of HIV sequence more closely related within a patient or between

A

within

83
Q

what are three goals for human microbiome project

A
  1. reference set of microbial genome
  2. explore relationship between disease and changes
  3. new tech
84
Q

function of the human microbiome project

A
  1. Preventing pathogens from being successful
    1. Lowing pH
    2. Completing for nutrients
  2. Host thicken mucus layer
85
Q

what are 4 examples of human gut microbiome

A
  1. Firmicutes
    1. Bacteroidetes
    2. Actinobacteria
  2. Proteobacteria
86
Q

what are functional foods

A

Functional foods claim to have a health promoting or disease preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrient
50% of japanease foods

87
Q

what are probiotics
example

A

live microorganisms (fermenented foods)
e.g. yoghurt

88
Q

What are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics

A

lactic acid and bifodobacteria

89
Q

What is Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

A

highly successful treatment for multiple recurrance of clostridum difficle infection

90
Q

a redox reaction is shutted through what

A

NADH

91
Q

what does auto refer to (in trophics)

A

CO2

92
Q

what doe hetero refer to (in trophic)

A

organic

93
Q

what is binary fission

A

going from one cell to two

94
Q

what is binary fission

A

going from one cell to two

95
Q

what 3 things do microorganism need to grow

A
  1. carbonsource
  2. energy source
  3. reduing power
96
Q

what does the photosynthetic electron chain do

A

transfer light energy in carbs, NADPH and ATP

CELS191 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions