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M4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleoid are what type of shape of chromosomes and what type of membrane don’t they have

A

Single circular chromosomes
No nuclear membrane

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2
Q

other small circular self replicating DNA can be found in the cytosol what are these known as

A

Plasmids

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3
Q

the cell wall of a bacteria is called what

A

peptidoglycan

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4
Q

what are two functions of peptidoglycan

A
  1. Provides strength - through their rigid macromolecular
  2. Protect cell from osmotic lysis and holds cell shape
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5
Q

prokaryotes that lack cell walls are called

A

mycoplasmas

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6
Q

what is Transpeptidase

A

enzyme that cross-links the peptidoglycan chains to form rigid cell wall

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7
Q

define the structure of peptidoglycogen

A

mesh like and has a rigid macromolecule layer

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8
Q

gram stain: staphylococcus aureus is what sign of cocci and what colour

A

positive, purple

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9
Q

gram stain: Escherichia coli is what sign of cocci and what colour

A

negative, red

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10
Q

what is the structure of gram positive

A

cell wall is mad up of just thick peptidoglycan (darker colour has thick layer)
there is also a plasma membrane

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11
Q

what is the structure of gram negative

A

outer membrane and thin layer of peptidoglycan makes up the cell wall
there is also another plasma membrane

So the peptidoglycan is in-between a plasma membrane sandwich

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12
Q

what is the function of bacteria flagella

A

some bacteria are capable of movement in the liquid medium

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13
Q

how does flagella move bacteria

A

acts like a propeller, cell rotates them to move through a liquid medium

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14
Q

what do chemotaxis do

A

move bacteria along concentration gradient towards chemical attractant OR away from chemical repellant

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15
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae

A

adhesive properties, cause bacteria to stick to surface

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16
Q

what is the function for pili

A

transfer genetic material from one to the other
conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

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17
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

jelly polysaccaride or polypeptide outer covering

glue cover

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18
Q

glycocalyx disorganised, w.out shape, attach loosely is called what type of layer

A

slime layer

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19
Q

glycocalyx orgainised, defined shape, attaches firmly what type of layer is this

A

capsule

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20
Q

what are two capsule functions

A
  1. prevent bacteria from phagocytosis
  2. prevent cells from drying out
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21
Q

when are bacteria endosperms formed, when do they germinate and what do they help to protect

A

formed unfavable growth conditions
germinate w/ favable conditions
protect cells from stress

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22
Q

what are microbial ecology

A

the study of organism in there environment

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23
Q

what is a microbiome

A

All microorganisms and their genes within a particular environment

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24
Q

what is greater uncultured microbial or cultured world

A

uncultured

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25
what are 2 different microbial metabolism
1. energy 2. building blocks
26
explain the meaning by redox reaction
for every reaction there is an equal to opposite reaction
27
autotrophs are seen as having which compound
carbon dioxide
28
primary produces consit of what
autotrophs
29
microbes exploit in different environment how
1. light 2. avoid competiition by turning antener to different wavelengths
30
redox reaction controls what
flow of energy and breakdown of molecules
31
What is reverse transcription about
enzyme that turns RNA sequence back to DNA
32
for reverse transcription what is the HIV genome turn into to insert into the genome
DNA
33
what is more error prone in reverse transcription DNA or RNA
RNA
34
does the HOV genome hold the record for the fastesr evolving thing
yes
35
what is an example of most clear resistant viruses
AZT (1st) triple therapy (now) HAART (now)
36
what are the 5 stages of an infectious diseases
1. inhibition 2. Prodromal period 3. illness 4. Decline 5. Convalescence
37
what is the most infectious sign
illness
38
prodromal period of infectious disease
when you start to feel unwell - general symptoms
39
Convalescence stage of the infectious disease is about what
when the infectious diseases is over and no signs occur (apart from the rare occasion)
40
the disease refers to the incidence of disease including fatal and non fatal is this mortality or morbility
morbility
41
the disease is the number of new cases of the diesease in a given period - incidence or prevalence
incidence
42
total number of new and exisiting cases in a population at a given time - incidence or prevalence
prevalence
43
amount of particular disease that is usually present in a community referred to as the baseline or endemic level of the disease - endemic or epidemic
endemic
44
sporadic - disease occurs infrequently and irregularly (T/F)
true
45
increases often sudden in the number of disease above what is normally expected in that population - endemic or epidemic
epidemic
46
what are 2 important factors that transfer horizontally by bacteria
1. Virulence factors 2. antibiotic resistance
47
what does Virulence factors involve and an example
help bacteria survive in the host e.g. streptococcus pneumonia
48
what are the three types of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria
1. transformation 2. transduction 3. configuration
49
what is exotoxins
can be fatal
50
what is endotoxins
can cause inflammation
51
explain the term selective toxicity
Early treatments for infectious disease involved the use of highly toxic medicined - more harmful than actual disease
52
the idea of chemical magic bullet for selective toxicity is about what
to kill microbial cells but NOT the host cell
53
Colonies of bacterium staphylococcus bacteria could be destroyed by the mould -
peniilin
54
how does penicillin work
interfering with normal formation of bacteria cell wall by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross link
55
what is an enzyme produced by bacteria and used to destroy penicillin
Beta lacatamase
56
what are four ways to reduce the spread of antibiotics resistance
1. Decrease antibiotic utilisation 2. Improve diagnostic 3. Identify new targets 4. Combination therapies
57
what are the 6 points of chain of infections
1. what is the bacteria 2. where is it located 3. how is exits 4. mode of transmission 5. how it enters 6. who is at risk
58
stage 1 of the chain of infection is called Causative agent what does this mean
what is the bacteria
59
stage 2 of the chain of infection is aboue were it is located - what is this called
Reservoir/ source
60
name some examples to break the chain of infection
1. Fast treatment 2. Good hygiene 3. disinfecting 4. identify those at risk taking special care of them 5. wound care
61
how is viruses like host
cant survive without host
62
what do both naked and envelope viruses have
1. genetic material 2. capsule - is a protein coat which protect the genetic material
63
what makes envelope viruses different to naked
envelop of lipids that surrounds coat when outside the cell
64
what are the 3 types of viral capsid symmetry
1. Helical 2. Icosahedral 3. Complex
65
what it is called where virus multiples in
host cell
66
what does it mean by Bacteriophage
Virus that infect and replicate in bacteria
67
what are the steps of Lytic replication cycle of bacteriophages
1. Attach 2. Penetrate 3. Uncoat 4. Genome replication and gene expression 5. Assembly 6. Release
68
what two stages of Lytic replication cycle of bacteriophages are done at the same time
Penetrate and uncoat 2 & 3
69
what are the stages of replication cycle of enveloped
1. spike bind to ACE2 receptor 2/ 3. cell entry/fusion 4. genome translation, viral mRNA synthesis, viral mRNA and genome, trnaslation 5. assembly 6. exoctyosis
70
The HIV genome changes rapidly due to:
. Error prone replication by reverse transcriptase.
71
Which of the following is NOT a major bacterial group found in healthy humans?
Chlamydiae.
72
Which growth phase of a 'closed' batch culture system would a microbiologist use to calculate the maximum doubling time (growth rate) of a bacterium?
Exponential phase.
73
Bacterial endotoxins are
lipopolysaccharides.
74
The antibiotic penicillin principally kills bacteria by:
breaking a bond in the lactam ring.
75
why do microbes harvest carbs from autotrophs
source of carbon and energy
76
what are pros to culture dependent
- access to phenotype - study one organism at a time
77
what are pros to culture independent
genotype study many organisms
78
what region of the host cell does SARS CoV-2 replicates
cytoplasm
79
what enzyme replicates the SARS COV 2 viral RNA
RNA polymase
80
waht is the host cell receptor for SARSCoV2
ACE 2
81
how can people get infected by HIV
through bodily fluids e.g. saliva
82
are trees of HIV sequence more closely related within a patient or between
within
83
what are three goals for human microbiome project
1. reference set of microbial genome 2. explore relationship between disease and changes 3. new tech
84
function of the human microbiome project
1. Preventing pathogens from being successful 2. Lowing pH 3. Completing for nutrients 4. Host thicken mucus layer
85
what are 4 examples of human gut microbiome
1. Firmicutes 2. Bacteroidetes 3. Actinobacteria 4. Proteobacteria
86
what are functional foods
Functional foods claim to have a health promoting or disease preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrient 50% of japanease foods
87
what are probiotics example
live microorganisms (fermenented foods) e.g. yoghurt
88
What are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics
lactic acid and bifodobacteria
89
What is Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)
highly successful treatment for multiple recurrance of clostridum difficle infection
90
a redox reaction is shutted through what
NADH
91
what does auto refer to (in trophics)
CO2
92
what doe hetero refer to (in trophic)
organic
93
what is binary fission
going from one cell to two
94
what is binary fission
going from one cell to two
95
what 3 things do microorganism need to grow
1. carbonsource 2. energy source 3. reduing power
96
what does the photosynthetic electron chain do
transfer light energy in carbs, NADPH and ATP

CELS191 (4 decks)

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