Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELS191 > M2 > Flashcards

M2 Flashcards

1
Q

what was chargaff findings

A
  1. A=T, G=C
  2. composition of DNA varies between species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what 3 things were noted in the photo 51

A
  1. Bases perpendicular to length of DNA molecule
    1. Helical structure
  2. Double stranded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 5 main features of the waston-crick model

A
  1. Sugar phosphate backbone is on outside
    1. Bases inside
    2. Stabilised by hydrogen bonds
    3. Double stranded helical structure
  2. 2 polynucleotide strands are oriented in opposite directions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what was provided in the waston-crick model

A

○ Stimulus for deciphering the genetic code
Possible mechanism for replication of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nucleotide monomer join with what to form polynucleotide

A

phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the semiconservative DNA allow genetic info to be passed to the next generation

A

replication to give a complementary strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why do we need cells to replicate

A

for injury, pregnancy, growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what direction does DNA (or RNA) synthesised in

A

5 to 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what direction does the parental template strand run in

A

3 to 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does it mean by Aneuploidy

A

abnormal amount of particular chromosome e.g. down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

to progressive addition of new nucleotides (A,C,T or G) what enzyme achieves this

A

DNA polymerase 111

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what enzyme creates a staring point for nucleotide addition

A

primase enzyme make RNA primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what enzyme is involved in unwinding the helical double stranded DNA to give 2 parental templates

A

Helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How dow you release tension generated by unwinding DNA helix (enzyme)

A

topoisomerase nicks and rejoins DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what enzyme prevents unwound double-stranded helical DNA from reforming and to protect it from degradation

A

single stranded DNA binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what enzyme removes RNA primer and fills gap with DNA nucleotide

A

DNA polymerase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what enzyme joins ends of newly synthesised fragments together

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During replication what is used to repair DNA error

A

Exonuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

After replication what is used to repair DNA error

A

endonucleasue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F does DnA replication show high accuracy - what enzyme shows this
DURING

A

true
DNA pol 111

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what enzyme has a proofreading mechanism
DURING DNA REP

A

DNA pol 111

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what direction is an incorrect base removed by
and with what during

A

3 to 5 direaction
exonuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are 3 things that can cause DNA damage

A
  • incorrectly inserted bases not corrected by DNA pol 111
  • radiation damage
  • chemical modification bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in the polymerase chain reaction what DNA region will be copied

A

targeted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of increase of DNA molecules occur in polymerase chain reaction

A

rapid exponential increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 2 activities that DNA pol 1 carry out

A
  1. RNase activity
  2. DNA polymerase activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what type of enzyme is RNase

A

endonuclease enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

RNase activity is responsible for recognise what and degrade what part

A

DNA and RNA hybrids
degrades RNA part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what joins together lagging strand (okazaki) fragments together, but also the newly syntehsised fragments from multiple replication bubbles (leading strands

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why is replication semi discontinuous

A

leading (continous)
lagging (discontinuous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does it mean by nondisjunction
and when does this occur

A

chromosomes failure to separate properly during meiosis
(anaphase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what would someone with kinlefelter syndrome have for their sex chromosome - what appearance does this give

A

XXY
female appearance in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

someone with turner syndrome will have what sex chromosomes and what appearance does this give

A

XO
male appearance on females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

if someone is polyploidy what does this mean

A

possession of multiple sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

karpechenko is when

A

a polyplod 4n raddage is created

36
Q

what is inversion

A

reverses chromosomes in opposite order sequence

37
Q

what is translocation

A

segment is moved from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

38
Q

what chromosomes are involved in philadelphia translocation

A

9 and 22

39
Q

what chromosomes are involves in familial down syndrome

A

14 and 21

40
Q

individuals with familial down syndrome have what done to chromosome 21

A

translocation

41
Q

ransom inactivation of X chromosomes lead to what type of patterning

A

mosaic

42
Q

Why might we need to estimate frequencies of genotype in a population

A
  1. to predict how many individuals will inherit a disease
  2. to estimate proportion of individuals that are carriers of genetic diseases
43
Q

how can allele frequencies change

A
  1. non random mating (imbreeding, assortive)
  2. mutation
  3. random genetic drift
  4. bottle neck
  5. founder effect
  6. genetic flow
  7. natural selection
44
Q

explain what a random genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies due to sampling error over generations

45
Q

What happens in the bottle neck effect

A

only a few species get through, rest gets trapped in the bottle

46
Q

explain the founder effect

A

new populations of same species being establish over the world

47
Q

2 birds:
1 has a small beak that feeds on soft food
other has a large beak that can crack open a hard seed

what time of selection is this

A

Disruptive selection
- on either scales of the spectrum

48
Q

The change in genotype and phenotype depending on geographic change is called what

A

Cline
spatial distribution of genetic variation

49
Q

what can non-coding DNA regions do

A

transcribe

50
Q

what are non-coding DNA involved in

A

gene expression

51
Q

what can cause disruption to gene expression

A

mutation

52
Q

why is the genetic code call triplet codon hypothesis

A

must be at least triplet based
each condon (3 letters) encodes for one amino acids

53
Q

what codon specifically stop

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

54
Q

what codon specifically starts

A

AUG

55
Q

what is the adaptor molecule

A

transfer RNA = tRNA

56
Q

what can each tRNA molecule bind to and interact with

A

bind with amino acids
interact with mRNA

57
Q

where does the tRNA attach to (attachment site)

A

3 end

58
Q

in translation what is mRNA used as

A

instructitions

59
Q

what are the three sites of the ribosomes

A

Accept
peptide
exit

60
Q

what are the 2 locations of the ribosomes

A
  1. bound to rER
  2. free in cytosol
61
Q

in translation there are 3 stages - what are these

A
  1. Initiation
    1. Elongation
  2. Termination
62
Q

what do initation, elongation and termination all need

A

energy

63
Q

what are mendels two laws

A
  1. law of segregation
  2. law of independent assortment
64
Q

when are both mendals laws explain (mitosis or meiosis)

A

meiosis

65
Q

in independent assorment what is the type of cross done

A

dihybrid cross

66
Q

what is polymorphic

A

one gene - many alleles

67
Q

explain why white and red flowers can produce pink offspring - what is this called

A

incomplete dominance - means that blending is likely to occur

68
Q

what is the polygenic trait

A

phenotype have additive effect

69
Q

what is additive effect

A

e.g. skin colour
where phenotype is determined by totoal number of colour producing allele

70
Q

what are Hemizygotes

A

people that only have one of the gene instead of two

71
Q

How are linked genes inherited

A

show bias towards parental genotypes

72
Q

How can we determine the order and loction of genes within a chromosme

A

by using recomination frequencies

73
Q

smaller distance between two genes means that what is the less likely will be formed between them

A

chiasma

74
Q

what is the relationship between distance and recombination frequency

A

near linear

75
Q

how does crossing over during meiosis explain recombination

A

Two chromatids cross over at random points and swap genetic material - simple cross

76
Q

how many chiasma are formed

A

during crossing over

77
Q

when does crossing over occur in meisosis

A

prophase 1

78
Q

in the Hardy weinberg equation p^2 referes to

A

homozygous dominant

79
Q

in the Hardy weinberg equation q^2 refers to

A

homozygous reccessive

80
Q

in the Hardy weinberg equation pq refers to

A

hetrozygous

81
Q

for an x linked trait what do females need to be to get the disease

A

homozygous recessive

82
Q

in a test cross what genotypes cross

A

unknown dominant phenotype x homozygous recessive

83
Q

what is pure bred and what are individuals have to be in a test cross

A

individual w/ known phenotype and genotype
- always homozygous

84
Q

what is the ratio of incomplete assortment

A

1:1:1:1

85
Q

when a somatic cell is about to divided by mitosis this involves what chromosomes

A

replicated chromosomes

CELS191 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions