Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELS191 > cell structure and diversity (M1) > Flashcards

cell structure and diversity (M1) Flashcards

1
Q

what r the 8 characteristics of life

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Reproduction
  3. Cellular organisation
  4. Heredity
  5. Adaptation through evolution
  6. Response to stimuli
  7. Homeostasis
  8. Growth and development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 origin of life

A
  1. complex biomolecules - generation
  2. replicating organisms
  3. panspermia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are most cells and organelles measured in

A

Micrometres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the size range of Eukaryote

A

10-100(micrometre- um)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the size range of prokaryote

A

less than 5um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the size range of mitochndria

A

1-10 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the size range of chloroplasts

A

2-5um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are nanometres used for

A

measuring components of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do you get evolution

A

organisms that vary - pass on characteristic and survive differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the key issue in the origin of life

A

how info that codes for lifes functions can be copied and passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is natural selection

A

testable hypothesis that provides a mechanism to explain evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe selective advantages

A

when birds only like eating green bugs, over time ratio of green bugs become less and adventually become extinte . Therefore giving orange bugs selective advantage and allow them to reproduce over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 things required for natural selection

A

Variation
inheritance
selection
time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

evolution doesn’t just act on shape or colour what else does it act on

A

biological molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what shows some evidence for evolution and natural selection

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do phylogenetic trees show

A

if two organisms share a trait they are more likely to be related than two that don’t
able to put all known life on earth into three domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the three domains (origin)of life

A

bacteria
eukarya
archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two key organelles in eukaryotes are derived from bacteria - what is this theory

A

endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

membrane enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

membrane enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what domain is nuclear envelope present

A

eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what domain is pepyidoglycan in cell wall

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what domain is circular chromosome present in

A

bacteria, archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what domain has some species growth temperture less than 100 degrees celcius

A

archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a macromolecule

A
  • biological molecules essential for life
  • made up of smaller units called building blocks joined by covalent bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 3 building blocks that are polymeric macromolecules

A
  1. Polysaccharides
  2. nucleic acids
  3. proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the macromolecule that is non polymeric macromolecules

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

complex carbs that 3-10 monosaccharide link together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

approx >10 linked monosacchrides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are polymers of monosaccharides

A

carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the 3 functions of carbs

A
  1. recognition
  2. energy
  3. structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what makes up a nucleotide

A

phosphate, base, ribose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the bases in DNA

A

Thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the bases of RNA

A

guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are polymers of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are plymers of amino acids

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how do the 20 amino acids differ

A

their R group = side chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the stages of a protein

A
  1. DNA
  2. transcription
  3. mRNA (messenger)
  4. translation
  5. protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the 3 functions of lipids

A
  1. structural
  2. regulatory
  3. energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is in the cell membrane of a lipid (2 things

A
  1. phospholid
  2. cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A

interconnected by direct physical contact or transfer by vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the 3 ways you can move proteins out of the cell

A
  1. synthesise
  2. tage and package
  3. deliver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

list some functions of smooth ER

A

metabolism of carbs, lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs, storage of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what makes rough ER rough

A

ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are some functions of rough ER

A

protein synthesis, enter lumen, rER processed for release from cell on membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where do synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins occur

A

free ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the function of golgi complex

A

warehouse - sorts, packages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is glycosaylation

A

adding of carbs to protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does golgi produce

A

many polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are 3 important functions of golgi

A
  1. glycosylation
  2. sorting proteins
  3. directing vesicles trafficking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is directing vesicles trafficking

A

tag molecule added, acts as docking site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what occurs at cis face

A

vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum arrive here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what occurs at trans face

A

processed vesicles leave at the trans face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what does consititutive exocytosis do

A

release extracellular matrix

55
Q

regulated excytosis

A

release hormones and neurotransmitters

56
Q

what does receptor mediated endocytosis

A

specific form of pinocytosis
bulk qualities of specific substances at low extrea cellular

57
Q

what does hydrolytic enzyme mean

A

inside

58
Q

what cell types is photosynthesis used for

A

plants

59
Q

what cell type is cellular respiration used for

A

plants and animals

60
Q

what are the four major energy requirements for the cell

A
  1. mechanical work
  2. make new materials
  3. transport
  4. maintain order
61
Q

what r two important compartments for respiration -

A

matrix and inner-membrane

62
Q

what makes the inner membrane different to outer

A

highly folded cristae

63
Q

what is the intermembrane space important for

A

functionally important

64
Q

Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
65
Q

where is glycolysis

A

cytosol

66
Q

where is pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

A

matrix

67
Q

where is oxidative phosphorylation

A

inner membrane

68
Q

what is generated in stage 1

A

2 ATP and NADP

69
Q

what is generated in stage 2

A

ATP
high energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2

70
Q

what is generated in stage 3

A

NADH and FADH
ATP

71
Q

what are the two parts of stage 3

A

electron transport
chemosmosis

72
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope

73
Q

what are the channels called in the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

74
Q

which one is inside and which one makes up the larger shape nucleus or nucleolus

A

nucleolus in inside the nucleus

75
Q

where is the nuclear lamina positioned

A

inner surface of the nuclear envelope

76
Q

what is nuclear lamina composed of

A

intermediate filaments

77
Q

what is the nuclear lamina functions

A
  1. maintains shape of nucleus
  2. helps organise and package the DNA within the nucleus
78
Q

what do nuclear pores do

A

controls movement of molecules out and in the nucleus

79
Q

what proteins are invlved with move form nucleus to cytoplasm

A

mRNA
tRNA - and ribosomal subunits

80
Q

what is moved from cytoplasm to nucleus

A
  • building blocks
  • turning genes off and on
  • energy for chemical synthesis
81
Q

T/F nuclear envelope consists of a single membrane

A

false

82
Q

T/f nuclear port complex allows mRNA and tRNA to move out of the nucleus

A

true

83
Q

what type of cells are in the nucleolus

A

non-dividing cells

84
Q

what is the nucleolus responsible for

A

making RNA and ribosomal subunits

85
Q

how does so much DNA fit into the nucleus

A

tightly packed, must be accessible

86
Q

what density is euchromatin

A

less dense

87
Q

heterochromatin density

A

more dense

88
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

Helps maintain cell shape and strength

89
Q

what structure storage of metabolites, breakdown waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules

A

Central vacuole

90
Q

what structure converts energy from sunlight into stored chemical energy

A

chloroplast

91
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

storage and protection of genetic material

92
Q

what structure encloses the cell and helps maintain the internal environment

A

plasma membrane

93
Q

what is the structure that digestive organelle that hydrolyses macromolecules

A

lysosome

94
Q

what is the function of the plasmodesmata

A

channels through cell walls which connect the cytoplasm of adjacent

95
Q

what is the function of the mitocondria

A

cellular respiration - production of ATP
powerhouse

96
Q

what type of sugars makes up DNA nucleotides

A

deoxyribose sugar

97
Q

what type of sugar makes up RNA

A

ribose sugar

98
Q

what structure features are present in a plant

A

Cell wall, central vacuole. chloroplast, nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, plasmodesmata

99
Q

what structure features are present in a animal

A

nucleus, plasma membrane, lysosome, mitochondria

100
Q

where is ATP synthase located

A

inner mitochondria membrane

101
Q

light reaction of photosynthesis occur in

A

thylakoid membrane

102
Q

dark reactions occur in what part of the chloroplast

A

Stroma

103
Q

What do desmosomes connected to

A

intermediate filaments

104
Q

for cells to prevent shrink what do they do (facilitated diffusion)

A

osmoregulate

105
Q

whats in plant cell but not animals

A

Central vacuole

106
Q

whats in animal cells but not plant

A

lysosome

107
Q

what do microtubles resist

A

compression

108
Q

if microtubules are fixed in place what beating of motion moves fluid past them

A

cilia

109
Q

what motion is flagella and cillia

A

flagella - snakelike swimming
cilia -rowing - movig forward and back

110
Q

what of the 3 main components of cytoskelton is involved in organelle motility

A

microtubules

111
Q

what are the 3 main components of cytoskeleton

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfillaments
  3. intermediate filaments
112
Q

what is mypfilaments made out of

A

double chain of actin

113
Q

what does myofilaments form - what direction of strands

A

3D networks and linear stands

114
Q

what does myofilaments resist

A

tension

115
Q

the cortical network in the myofilament is important for what

A

less fluid and maintain shape

116
Q

what does tight junctions prevent

A

movement of fluid across cell layer

117
Q

what is structure of desomsome

A

anchoring - very strong

118
Q

what are desomosomes connecter by whih cytoskelton

A

intermediate filaments

119
Q

what can pass through gap junctions

A

ion and small molecules

120
Q

what speed is cell to cell comunication occur in gap junctions

A

rapid

121
Q

are intermediate filoments less or more dynamic than microtubules

A

less

122
Q

what is an examlple of intermediate filaments

A

kertins in hair

123
Q

what is the most ECM protein

A

glycoprotein (CHO)

124
Q

what is the most abunent glycoprotein

A

collegen

125
Q

collegen fibres are embeded with what

A

proteoglycan complex matrix (sugar protein)

126
Q

proteoglycan do what to the cell

A

trap water and therefore retain the shape

127
Q

what are the 3 main inputs for photosynthesis

A

light, water, carbon

128
Q

what are the 2 main outputs for photosynthesis

A

glucose , oxygen

129
Q

what does ATP need across membrane in both chloroplast and mitochondrion

A

proton gradient

130
Q

where are most genes stored - where are they if not in this place

A
  • mainly in nucleus
    but can be in mitochondria and chloroplast
131
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

nuclear envelop

132
Q

what is the inner surface lining of the nucleus called

A

nucleus laminar

133
Q

what are nuclear pores

A

channel made out of protein

134
Q
A

CELS191 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions