cell structure and diversity (M1) Flashcards
1
Q
what r the 8 characteristics of life
A
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
- Cellular organisation
- Heredity
- Adaptation through evolution
- Response to stimuli
- Homeostasis
- Growth and development
2
Q
what are the 3 origin of life
A
- complex biomolecules - generation
- replicating organisms
- panspermia
3
Q
what are most cells and organelles measured in
A
Micrometres
4
Q
what is the size range of Eukaryote
A
10-100(micrometre- um)
5
Q
what is the size range of prokaryote
A
less than 5um
6
Q
what is the size range of mitochndria
A
1-10 um
7
Q
what is the size range of chloroplasts
A
2-5um
8
Q
what are nanometres used for
A
measuring components of the cell
9
Q
how do you get evolution
A
organisms that vary - pass on characteristic and survive differently
10
Q
what is the key issue in the origin of life
A
how info that codes for lifes functions can be copied and passed on
11
Q
what is natural selection
A
testable hypothesis that provides a mechanism to explain evolution
12
Q
describe selective advantages
A
when birds only like eating green bugs, over time ratio of green bugs become less and adventually become extinte . Therefore giving orange bugs selective advantage and allow them to reproduce over time
13
Q
what are the 4 things required for natural selection
A
Variation
inheritance
selection
time
14
Q
evolution doesn’t just act on shape or colour what else does it act on
A
biological molecules
15
Q
what shows some evidence for evolution and natural selection
A
DNA
16
Q
what do phylogenetic trees show
A
if two organisms share a trait they are more likely to be related than two that don’t
able to put all known life on earth into three domains
17
Q
what are the three domains (origin)of life
A
bacteria
eukarya
archaea
18
Q
two key organelles in eukaryotes are derived from bacteria - what is this theory
A
endosymbiosis
19
Q
what is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
A
membrane enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes
20
Q
what is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
A
membrane enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes
21
Q
what domain is nuclear envelope present
A
eukarya
22
Q
what domain is pepyidoglycan in cell wall
A
bacteria
23
Q
what domain is circular chromosome present in
A
bacteria, archaea
24
Q
what domain has some species growth temperture less than 100 degrees celcius
A
archaea
25
what is a macromolecule
- biological molecules essential for life
- made up of smaller units called building blocks joined by covalent bonds
26
what are the 3 building blocks that are polymeric macromolecules
1. Polysaccharides
2. nucleic acids
3. proteins
27
what is the macromolecule that is non polymeric macromolecules
lipids
28
what are oligosaccharides
complex carbs that 3-10 monosaccharide link together
29
what is a polysaccharide
approx >10 linked monosacchrides
30
what are polymers of monosaccharides
carbs
31
what are the 3 functions of carbs
1. recognition
2. energy
3. structure
32
what makes up a nucleotide
phosphate, base, ribose sugar
33
what are the bases in DNA
Thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine
34
what are the bases of RNA
guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil
35
what are polymers of nucleotides
nucleic acids
36
what are plymers of amino acids
protein
37
how do the 20 amino acids differ
their R group = side chain
38
what is the stages of a protein
1. DNA
2. transcription
3. mRNA (messenger)
4. translation
5. protein
39
what are the 3 functions of lipids
1. structural
2. regulatory
3. energy
40
what is in the cell membrane of a lipid (2 things
1. phospholid
2. cholesterol
41
what is the endomembrane system
interconnected by direct physical contact or transfer by vesicles
42
what are the 3 ways you can move proteins out of the cell
1. synthesise
2. tage and package
3. deliver
43
list some functions of smooth ER
metabolism of carbs, lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs, storage of calcium
44
what makes rough ER rough
ribosome
45
what are some functions of rough ER
protein synthesis, enter lumen, rER processed for release from cell on membrane
46
where do synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins occur
free ribosomes
47
what is the function of golgi complex
warehouse - sorts, packages
48
what is glycosaylation
adding of carbs to protein
49
what does golgi produce
many polysaccharides
50
what are 3 important functions of golgi
1. glycosylation
2. sorting proteins
3. directing vesicles trafficking
51
what is directing vesicles trafficking
tag molecule added, acts as docking site
52
what occurs at cis face
vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum arrive here
53
what occurs at trans face
processed vesicles leave at the trans face
54
what does consititutive exocytosis do
release extracellular matrix
55
regulated excytosis
release hormones and neurotransmitters
56
what does receptor mediated endocytosis
specific form of pinocytosis
bulk qualities of specific substances at low extrea cellular
57
what does hydrolytic enzyme mean
inside
58
what cell types is photosynthesis used for
plants
59
what cell type is cellular respiration used for
plants and animals
60
what are the four major energy requirements for the cell
1. mechanical work
2. make new materials
3. transport
4. maintain order
61
what r two important compartments for respiration -
matrix and inner-membrane
62
what makes the inner membrane different to outer
highly folded cristae
63
what is the intermembrane space important for
functionally important
64
Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration
1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
3. oxidative phosphorylation
65
where is glycolysis
cytosol
66
where is pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
matrix
67
where is oxidative phosphorylation
inner membrane
68
what is generated in stage 1
2 ATP and NADP
69
what is generated in stage 2
ATP
high energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2
70
what is generated in stage 3
NADH and FADH
ATP
71
what are the two parts of stage 3
electron transport
chemosmosis
72
what is the nucleus surrounded by
nuclear envelope
73
what are the channels called in the nucleus
nuclear pores
74
which one is inside and which one makes up the larger shape nucleus or nucleolus
nucleolus in inside the nucleus
75
where is the nuclear lamina positioned
inner surface of the nuclear envelope
76
what is nuclear lamina composed of
intermediate filaments
77
what is the nuclear lamina functions
1. maintains shape of nucleus
2. helps organise and package the DNA within the nucleus
78
what do nuclear pores do
controls movement of molecules out and in the nucleus
79
what proteins are invlved with move form nucleus to cytoplasm
mRNA
tRNA - and ribosomal subunits
80
what is moved from cytoplasm to nucleus
- building blocks
- turning genes off and on
- energy for chemical synthesis
81
T/F nuclear envelope consists of a single membrane
false
82
T/f nuclear port complex allows mRNA and tRNA to move out of the nucleus
true
83
what type of cells are in the nucleolus
non-dividing cells
84
what is the nucleolus responsible for
making RNA and ribosomal subunits
85
how does so much DNA fit into the nucleus
tightly packed, must be accessible
86
what density is euchromatin
less dense
87
heterochromatin density
more dense
88
what is the function of the cell wall
Helps maintain cell shape and strength
89
what structure storage of metabolites, breakdown waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules
Central vacuole
90
what structure converts energy from sunlight into stored chemical energy
chloroplast
91
what is the function of the nucleus
storage and protection of genetic material
92
what structure encloses the cell and helps maintain the internal environment
plasma membrane
93
what is the structure that digestive organelle that hydrolyses macromolecules
lysosome
94
what is the function of the plasmodesmata
channels through cell walls which connect the cytoplasm of adjacent
95
what is the function of the mitocondria
cellular respiration - production of ATP
powerhouse
96
what type of sugars makes up DNA nucleotides
deoxyribose sugar
97
what type of sugar makes up RNA
ribose sugar
98
what structure features are present in a plant
Cell wall, central vacuole. chloroplast, nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, plasmodesmata
99
what structure features are present in a animal
nucleus, plasma membrane, lysosome, mitochondria
100
where is ATP synthase located
inner mitochondria membrane
101
light reaction of photosynthesis occur in
thylakoid membrane
102
dark reactions occur in what part of the chloroplast
Stroma
103
What do desmosomes connected to
intermediate filaments
104
for cells to prevent shrink what do they do (facilitated diffusion)
osmoregulate
105
whats in plant cell but not animals
Central vacuole
106
whats in animal cells but not plant
lysosome
107
what do microtubles resist
compression
108
if microtubules are fixed in place what beating of motion moves fluid past them
cilia
109
what motion is flagella and cillia
flagella - snakelike swimming
cilia -rowing - movig forward and back
110
what of the 3 main components of cytoskelton is involved in organelle motility
microtubules
111
what are the 3 main components of cytoskeleton
1. microtubules
2. microfillaments
3. intermediate filaments
112
what is mypfilaments made out of
double chain of actin
113
what does myofilaments form - what direction of strands
3D networks and linear stands
114
what does myofilaments resist
tension
115
the cortical network in the myofilament is important for what
less fluid and maintain shape
116
what does tight junctions prevent
movement of fluid across cell layer
117
what is structure of desomsome
anchoring - very strong
118
what are desomosomes connecter by whih cytoskelton
intermediate filaments
119
what can pass through gap junctions
ion and small molecules
120
what speed is cell to cell comunication occur in gap junctions
rapid
121
are intermediate filoments less or more dynamic than microtubules
less
122
what is an examlple of intermediate filaments
kertins in hair
123
what is the most ECM protein
glycoprotein (CHO)
124
what is the most abunent glycoprotein
collegen
125
collegen fibres are embeded with what
proteoglycan complex matrix (sugar protein)
126
proteoglycan do what to the cell
trap water and therefore retain the shape
127
what are the 3 main inputs for photosynthesis
light, water, carbon
128
what are the 2 main outputs for photosynthesis
glucose , oxygen
129
what does ATP need across membrane in both chloroplast and mitochondrion
proton gradient
130
where are most genes stored - where are they if not in this place
- mainly in nucleus
but can be in mitochondria and chloroplast
131
what is the nucleus surrounded by
nuclear envelop
132
what is the inner surface lining of the nucleus called
nucleus laminar
133
what are nuclear pores
channel made out of protein
134
