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PSY 257 > M3 - Terms > Flashcards

M3 - Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A

A client’s life can only be understood when viewed from the client’s perspective

People are “good” and are capable of making choices

The therapeutic relationship of a central component of therapy

Clients are seen as equals (to therapists) - no hierarchy like other therapies

Focus on experiencing and exploring confusing or painful emotions

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2
Q

Experiencing

A

the client is able to express his or her feelings and describe them in detail

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3
Q

Logotherapy

A

founded on the premise that the primary motivational force of individuals is to fine meaning in life - VICTOR E FRANKL

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4
Q

Existential Vacuum

A

when we respond in ways that are consistent with our personal values, we experience a longed-for sense of life meaning

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5
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A

re-establish the client’s growth processes by helping him or her - FRITZ PERLS

1) become aware of disowned feelings

2) Become aware of feelings and values that have been “adopted” from others

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6
Q

Here & Now (gestalt)

A

progress is made by keeping clients in contact with their feelings as they are occurring in the here and now

recalling the past or predicting the future is not productive

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7
Q

Role-playing (gestalt)

A

empty chair or two-chair technique (underdog vs. topdog)

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8
Q

Frustrating the Client (gestalt)

A

frustrate efforts to adopt this role by acting in a manner inconsistent with the client’s approach

forces the client to try a new approach (could lead to growth)

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9
Q

Nonverbal Cues (gestalt)

A

looking for behaviour that is inconsistent with verbal statements

having clients repeat nonverbal behaviours to access feelings/emotions associated with them

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10
Q

Use of Dreams (gestalt)

A

dreams, especially recurring dreams, are explored, interpreted, and analyzed to help an individual understand the underlying stressors of their life

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11
Q

Emotion Focused Therapy

A

emphasizes the role of emotion in human experience, views psychological difficulties as stemming from emotional schemas, which are people’s organized patterns of emotional responses - LES GREENBERG

label, accept, reflect upon and modify emotions that in the past have led them to think and behave in maladaptive ways (blend of rogers/gestalt therapies)

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12
Q

Empathic Attunement to Affect

A

a skill that involves being fully present with another person’s emotional experience and responding in a supportive way

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13
Q

Differential Interventions

A

depending on what comes up there can be matching interventions table below

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14
Q

Empty Chair Work

A

Clients in therapy often express unfinished business in the form of dissatisfaction about the nature of relationships from the past and describe feelings of disappointment, resentment, and grief associated with these relationships

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15
Q

Psychotherapy

A

one-on-one, frank discussion, search for relationships (dev. history, current problems, conflicts, thoughts, emotions), emphasis on therapeutic relationship

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16
Q

Dynamic Psychotherapy

A

conscious awareness (ego), preconscious level (superego), unconscious level (id)

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Hypnosis, cathartic method, emphasis on forgotten memories

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18
Q

Seduction Theory

A

the theory states that repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse cause adult psychoneuroses

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19
Q

Anna O

A

Had severe headaches and coughs, during her father’s death, had agitations and hallucinations - combined hypnosis with the “cathartic method”

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20
Q

Goals of Psychoanalysis

A

Intellectual and emotional insight into the underlying causes of the client’s problems

Working through or fully exploring the implications of those insights

Strengthening the ego’s control over the id and the superego

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21
Q

Free Association

A

Having people say whatever comes into their minds, expressing their thoughts without censorship in order to gain access to their unconscious processes

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22
Q

Dream Interpretation

A

MANIFEST - the actual dream from daily residue // LATENT - the unconscious ideas that appear based on manifest content

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23
Q

Freudian Slips

A

A mistake in speech, memory, or physical action that is thought to be caused by an unconscious thought or desire

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24
Q

Psychoanalysis Criticisms

A

Psychoanalysis takes a very long time and does not work

Anna O continued to have problems long after Freud, still had conversion disorder

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25
Q

Corrective Emotional Experience

A

A technique in which the analyst purposely behaves in the transference in a corrective manner towards the patient

Emphasizes the emotional relationship rather than intellectual insight as the main curative factor

If the therapist purposely behaved to match the client (strong therapeutic alliance) the better off the client will be
Relationship is more important than insight

FRANZ ALEXANDER

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26
Q

Current Psychodynamic Therapies

A

Therapists are more active (not blank screens)

More focused on current relationships

More time limited

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27
Q

Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy

A

Patients’ problems are the result of disturbances in relationships that developed as the result of experiences in childhood

A good relationship with a therapist can heal past damage or mitigate it

Identify cyclical maladaptive patterns, bring the patterns to the attention of the client, explore the ramifications of the client’s patterns on the client’s life

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28
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response. The stimulus comes before the behavior, and the learner is passive

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29
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Involves pairing a maladaptive behavior (i.e., anxiety/or stimuli associated with it) with an incompatible behavior in order to eliminate the maladaptive behavior

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30
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Involves pairing a voluntary behavior with a consequence. The behavior comes before the consequence, and the learner is active. The behavior can be rewarded or punished to increase, decrease, or modify it

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31
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

If a response antagonistic to anxiety can be made to occur in the presence of anxiety-evoking stimuli so that it is accompanied by a complete or partial suppression of the anxiety responses, the bond between these stimuli and the anxiety responses will be weakened

Conditioned cats to be afraid by shocking them, putting the cats in cages made them anxious because it was similar to the shocking experience -WOLPE

32
Q

Relaxation

A

Often involves breathing strategies, tensing and relaxing muscles, focus on sensations and tension

PMR - progressive muscle relaxation, helps you note when you are becoming tense

33
Q

Systematic Desensitization - WOLPE

A

Progressive Relaxation Training

Development of a Fear Hierarchy

SUDs ratings - subjective units of distress (0-100)

Imaginal Desensitization

In vivo Desensitization - exposure to actual stimuli

34
Q

Behavioural Sex Therapy

A

Involves pairing a maladaptive behavior (i.e., anxiety/or stimuli associated with it) with an incompatible behavior in order to eliminate the maladaptive behavior - sensate focused, remove the stimuli of sex

35
Q

In Vivo Exposure

A

Unconditioned stimulus (e.g., being bitten by a dog) – fear reactions become unanimous (e.g., all dogs make you anxious)

Repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus (DOGS) without the conditioned response (BEING BITTEN)

35
Q

Flooding

A

Doing it all/being exposed at one - balloon example, not really used anymore

36
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

a type of behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect

37
Q

Contingency Management

A

based on operant conditioning, using rewards and reinforcement to shape people’s behaviour (e.g., shaping, timeout, response cost, token economies)

38
Q

Biofeedback

A

a type of mind-body technique you use to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate, breathing patterns and muscle responses

39
Q

Assertiveness Training

A

based on the principle that we all have a right to express our thoughts, feelings, and needs to others, as long as we do so in a respectful way

40
Q

Modelling

A

Modelling can occur when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behaviour (acting as a model) that may then be imitated

41
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Modelling with bobo dolls –> the therapist does the behaviours themselves but the client can see the therapist doing the activity they fear themselves (e.g., handling a snake as a therapist)

42
Q

Ego-Syntonic Thoughts

A

experienced as appropriate, relate to GAD

43
Q

Ego-Dystonic Thoughts

A

relate to OCD, are unrealistic or magical (e.g., if you use a public washroom you’ll get a disease)

44
Q

Mower’s 2 Factor Model

A

Distress is paired with thoughts and images

Thought and images then cause distress

Rituals are negatively reinforced

Passive avoidance does not work (like in phobias) because of the intrusive nature of

45
Q

What do you look for in SUD’s ratings?

A

expect ratings to lower through treatment

46
Q

Inhibitory Learning

A

exposure does NOT WORK because of habituation (associations never disappear), everything you learned is still in your brain somehow, and new learning inhibits the old learning

47
Q

IL - Approaches to Exposure Therapy

A

Goal is not to maximize habituation, but rather maximize the possibility that inhibitory learning will be most accessible.

Learning that is “surprising” or violates expectations is ideal.

It is important to vary the context of exposures (more retrieval cues).

Do not use hierarchies.

48
Q

Graded Task Assignment

A

Breaking down behaviors into specific and achievable units

Designed to facilitate successful behavior change

Therapist coaches this approach to directly help in the initial stage

Goal that the client will learn to apply approach on his or her own

49
Q

Avoidance Modification and Problem Solving

A

Monitoring is used to identify avoidance

Client may be avoiding concrete tasks, painful emotions, or interpersonal conflict

50
Q

CBT Definition

A

FEELINGS are the problem (e.g., sad, anxious, maladaptive), are connected to your THOUGHTS (e.g., a glass falls in the middle of the night and think someone is breaking in), these also influence BEHAVIOURS (e.g., hiding under the bed)

51
Q

Depression (FREUD)

A

depression is anger turned on the self

52
Q

Depression (BECK)

A

the themes in depression are not anger but defeat (i.e.,consistent negative bias in cognitive processing)

53
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

Negative individuals have negative views of themselves, their world, and the future

54
Q

Cognitive Model of Psychopathology

A

Problems and symptoms result from activation of underlying core beliefs by stressful events.

Psychological/psychiatric disorders are characterized by dysfunctional thoughts, which are derived from dysfunctional beliefs.

CT “works” by training the patient to identify, evaluate, and change maladaptive belief systems and dysfunctional styles of information processing.

Improvement results from some type of cognitive change.

55
Q

Cognitive Model of Depression

A

Experience (early)

Formation of dysfunctional schemas and assumptions

Critical incident

Assumptions activated

Negative automatic thoughts

Symptoms of depression - behavioral, motivational, affective, cognitive, somatic

56
Q

Automatic Thoughts

A

come spontaneously, distorted in those with psychological distress - most surface level

57
Q

Assumptions

A

more abstract and generalized, often take the form of “shoulds”, imperatives, or if-then statements - middle ground

58
Q

Schemas

A

reflect deep-seated models of self and other, basic cognitive structures that underlies mental activity and guide organization, storage, and retrieval of cognitions - deeper and harder to understand

59
Q

Socratic Method

A

asking questions to pull out answers and lead someone in a direction (e.g., what is the evidence, alternative interpretations, and real implications)

60
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

inaccurate or biased ways of thinking that can be influenced by emotions and lead to a negative outlook on reality

61
Q

Dichotomous Thinking

A

tendency to think in extremes, or in terms of binary oppositions, such as “black or white”, “good or bad”, or “all or nothing”.

62
Q

Mind Reading

A

ability to attribute mental states to others, such as their thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and intentions. It’s also known as theory of mind - project ideas of what people are thinking onto them

63
Q

Emotional Reasoning

A

taking interpretation and ignoring logic of what happened, using how you feel to work backwards from problem

64
Q

Overgeneralizing

A

Applying a conclusion about one event to all similar events, such as assuming you’re bad at math after scoring low on one test

65
Q

Catastrophizing

A

Assuming the worst will happen when faced with the unknown, even when there’s no evidence to support it

66
Q

Behaviour Monitoring

A

monitor and record behaviour, rate behaviour in terms of mastery and pleasure, the goal is to change/challenge people’s thoughts/cognitions – that they do enjoy their time

67
Q

Rational Emotive Therapy

A

helps people identify and replace unhealthy thought patterns and behaviors with more rational ones. REBT is an action-oriented approach that focuses on the present - ALBERT ELLIS

68
Q

Unconditional Self-Acceptance

A

the idea of accepting yourself as you are, without judgment or comparison to others

69
Q

High Frustration Tolerance

A

to have greater of happiness and well-being you had better develop high frustration tolerance beliefs

70
Q

ABCs of REBT

A

activating event - beliefs - consequences (emotional or behavioural)

71
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

a counseling method that helps people change their behavior by increasing their intrinsic motivation, Includes reflective listening, asking open-ended questions, affirming, summarizing, and informing and advising

72
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A

helps people understand and accept their feelings, and learn how to change them in a way that leads to positive life changes - CBT

73
Q

Third Wave Treatments

A

a group of cognitive and behavioral therapies that focus on promoting psychological and behavioral health and well-being - Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapyFunctional analytic psychotherapy Meta-cognitive therapy

74
Q

Thought Records

A

A thought record is a tool used in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to help people identify and challenge negative thought patterns

PSY 257 (3 decks)

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