M3 - Terms Flashcards
Humanistic Therapies
A client’s life can only be understood when viewed from the client’s perspective
People are “good” and are capable of making choices
The therapeutic relationship of a central component of therapy
Clients are seen as equals (to therapists) - no hierarchy like other therapies
Focus on experiencing and exploring confusing or painful emotions
Experiencing
the client is able to express his or her feelings and describe them in detail
Logotherapy
founded on the premise that the primary motivational force of individuals is to fine meaning in life - VICTOR E FRANKL
Existential Vacuum
when we respond in ways that are consistent with our personal values, we experience a longed-for sense of life meaning
Gestalt Therapy
re-establish the client’s growth processes by helping him or her - FRITZ PERLS
1) become aware of disowned feelings
2) Become aware of feelings and values that have been “adopted” from others
Here & Now (gestalt)
progress is made by keeping clients in contact with their feelings as they are occurring in the here and now
recalling the past or predicting the future is not productive
Role-playing (gestalt)
empty chair or two-chair technique (underdog vs. topdog)
Frustrating the Client (gestalt)
frustrate efforts to adopt this role by acting in a manner inconsistent with the client’s approach
forces the client to try a new approach (could lead to growth)
Nonverbal Cues (gestalt)
looking for behaviour that is inconsistent with verbal statements
having clients repeat nonverbal behaviours to access feelings/emotions associated with them
Use of Dreams (gestalt)
dreams, especially recurring dreams, are explored, interpreted, and analyzed to help an individual understand the underlying stressors of their life
Emotion Focused Therapy
emphasizes the role of emotion in human experience, views psychological difficulties as stemming from emotional schemas, which are people’s organized patterns of emotional responses - LES GREENBERG
label, accept, reflect upon and modify emotions that in the past have led them to think and behave in maladaptive ways (blend of rogers/gestalt therapies)
Empathic Attunement to Affect
a skill that involves being fully present with another person’s emotional experience and responding in a supportive way
Differential Interventions
depending on what comes up there can be matching interventions table below
Empty Chair Work
Clients in therapy often express unfinished business in the form of dissatisfaction about the nature of relationships from the past and describe feelings of disappointment, resentment, and grief associated with these relationships
Psychotherapy
one-on-one, frank discussion, search for relationships (dev. history, current problems, conflicts, thoughts, emotions), emphasis on therapeutic relationship
Dynamic Psychotherapy
conscious awareness (ego), preconscious level (superego), unconscious level (id)
Psychoanalysis
Hypnosis, cathartic method, emphasis on forgotten memories
Seduction Theory
the theory states that repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse cause adult psychoneuroses
Anna O
Had severe headaches and coughs, during her father’s death, had agitations and hallucinations - combined hypnosis with the “cathartic method”
Goals of Psychoanalysis
Intellectual and emotional insight into the underlying causes of the client’s problems
Working through or fully exploring the implications of those insights
Strengthening the ego’s control over the id and the superego
Free Association
Having people say whatever comes into their minds, expressing their thoughts without censorship in order to gain access to their unconscious processes
Dream Interpretation
MANIFEST - the actual dream from daily residue // LATENT - the unconscious ideas that appear based on manifest content
Freudian Slips
A mistake in speech, memory, or physical action that is thought to be caused by an unconscious thought or desire
Psychoanalysis Criticisms
Psychoanalysis takes a very long time and does not work
Anna O continued to have problems long after Freud, still had conversion disorder
Corrective Emotional Experience
A technique in which the analyst purposely behaves in the transference in a corrective manner towards the patient
Emphasizes the emotional relationship rather than intellectual insight as the main curative factor
If the therapist purposely behaved to match the client (strong therapeutic alliance) the better off the client will be
Relationship is more important than insight
FRANZ ALEXANDER
Current Psychodynamic Therapies
Therapists are more active (not blank screens)
More focused on current relationships
More time limited
Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy
Patients’ problems are the result of disturbances in relationships that developed as the result of experiences in childhood
A good relationship with a therapist can heal past damage or mitigate it
Identify cyclical maladaptive patterns, bring the patterns to the attention of the client, explore the ramifications of the client’s patterns on the client’s life
Classical Conditioning
Involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response. The stimulus comes before the behavior, and the learner is passive
Counterconditioning
Involves pairing a maladaptive behavior (i.e., anxiety/or stimuli associated with it) with an incompatible behavior in order to eliminate the maladaptive behavior
Operant Conditioning
Involves pairing a voluntary behavior with a consequence. The behavior comes before the consequence, and the learner is active. The behavior can be rewarded or punished to increase, decrease, or modify it
Reciprocal Inhibition
If a response antagonistic to anxiety can be made to occur in the presence of anxiety-evoking stimuli so that it is accompanied by a complete or partial suppression of the anxiety responses, the bond between these stimuli and the anxiety responses will be weakened
Conditioned cats to be afraid by shocking them, putting the cats in cages made them anxious because it was similar to the shocking experience -WOLPE
Relaxation
Often involves breathing strategies, tensing and relaxing muscles, focus on sensations and tension
PMR - progressive muscle relaxation, helps you note when you are becoming tense
Systematic Desensitization - WOLPE
Progressive Relaxation Training
Development of a Fear Hierarchy
SUDs ratings - subjective units of distress (0-100)
Imaginal Desensitization
In vivo Desensitization - exposure to actual stimuli
Behavioural Sex Therapy
Involves pairing a maladaptive behavior (i.e., anxiety/or stimuli associated with it) with an incompatible behavior in order to eliminate the maladaptive behavior - sensate focused, remove the stimuli of sex
In Vivo Exposure
Unconditioned stimulus (e.g., being bitten by a dog) – fear reactions become unanimous (e.g., all dogs make you anxious)
Repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus (DOGS) without the conditioned response (BEING BITTEN)
Flooding
Doing it all/being exposed at one - balloon example, not really used anymore
Aversion Therapy
a type of behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect
Contingency Management
based on operant conditioning, using rewards and reinforcement to shape people’s behaviour (e.g., shaping, timeout, response cost, token economies)
Biofeedback
a type of mind-body technique you use to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate, breathing patterns and muscle responses
Assertiveness Training
based on the principle that we all have a right to express our thoughts, feelings, and needs to others, as long as we do so in a respectful way
Modelling
Modelling can occur when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behaviour (acting as a model) that may then be imitated
Albert Bandura
Modelling with bobo dolls –> the therapist does the behaviours themselves but the client can see the therapist doing the activity they fear themselves (e.g., handling a snake as a therapist)
Ego-Syntonic Thoughts
experienced as appropriate, relate to GAD
Ego-Dystonic Thoughts
relate to OCD, are unrealistic or magical (e.g., if you use a public washroom you’ll get a disease)
Mower’s 2 Factor Model
Distress is paired with thoughts and images
Thought and images then cause distress
Rituals are negatively reinforced
Passive avoidance does not work (like in phobias) because of the intrusive nature of
What do you look for in SUD’s ratings?
expect ratings to lower through treatment
Inhibitory Learning
exposure does NOT WORK because of habituation (associations never disappear), everything you learned is still in your brain somehow, and new learning inhibits the old learning
IL - Approaches to Exposure Therapy
Goal is not to maximize habituation, but rather maximize the possibility that inhibitory learning will be most accessible.
Learning that is “surprising” or violates expectations is ideal.
It is important to vary the context of exposures (more retrieval cues).
Do not use hierarchies.
Graded Task Assignment
Breaking down behaviors into specific and achievable units
Designed to facilitate successful behavior change
Therapist coaches this approach to directly help in the initial stage
Goal that the client will learn to apply approach on his or her own
Avoidance Modification and Problem Solving
Monitoring is used to identify avoidance
Client may be avoiding concrete tasks, painful emotions, or interpersonal conflict
CBT Definition
FEELINGS are the problem (e.g., sad, anxious, maladaptive), are connected to your THOUGHTS (e.g., a glass falls in the middle of the night and think someone is breaking in), these also influence BEHAVIOURS (e.g., hiding under the bed)
Depression (FREUD)
depression is anger turned on the self
Depression (BECK)
the themes in depression are not anger but defeat (i.e.,consistent negative bias in cognitive processing)
Cognitive Triad
Negative individuals have negative views of themselves, their world, and the future
Cognitive Model of Psychopathology
Problems and symptoms result from activation of underlying core beliefs by stressful events.
Psychological/psychiatric disorders are characterized by dysfunctional thoughts, which are derived from dysfunctional beliefs.
CT “works” by training the patient to identify, evaluate, and change maladaptive belief systems and dysfunctional styles of information processing.
Improvement results from some type of cognitive change.
Cognitive Model of Depression
Experience (early)
Formation of dysfunctional schemas and assumptions
Critical incident
Assumptions activated
Negative automatic thoughts
Symptoms of depression - behavioral, motivational, affective, cognitive, somatic
Automatic Thoughts
come spontaneously, distorted in those with psychological distress - most surface level
Assumptions
more abstract and generalized, often take the form of “shoulds”, imperatives, or if-then statements - middle ground
Schemas
reflect deep-seated models of self and other, basic cognitive structures that underlies mental activity and guide organization, storage, and retrieval of cognitions - deeper and harder to understand
Socratic Method
asking questions to pull out answers and lead someone in a direction (e.g., what is the evidence, alternative interpretations, and real implications)
Cognitive Distortions
inaccurate or biased ways of thinking that can be influenced by emotions and lead to a negative outlook on reality
Dichotomous Thinking
tendency to think in extremes, or in terms of binary oppositions, such as “black or white”, “good or bad”, or “all or nothing”.
Mind Reading
ability to attribute mental states to others, such as their thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and intentions. It’s also known as theory of mind - project ideas of what people are thinking onto them
Emotional Reasoning
taking interpretation and ignoring logic of what happened, using how you feel to work backwards from problem
Overgeneralizing
Applying a conclusion about one event to all similar events, such as assuming you’re bad at math after scoring low on one test
Catastrophizing
Assuming the worst will happen when faced with the unknown, even when there’s no evidence to support it
Behaviour Monitoring
monitor and record behaviour, rate behaviour in terms of mastery and pleasure, the goal is to change/challenge people’s thoughts/cognitions – that they do enjoy their time
Rational Emotive Therapy
helps people identify and replace unhealthy thought patterns and behaviors with more rational ones. REBT is an action-oriented approach that focuses on the present - ALBERT ELLIS
Unconditional Self-Acceptance
the idea of accepting yourself as you are, without judgment or comparison to others
High Frustration Tolerance
to have greater of happiness and well-being you had better develop high frustration tolerance beliefs
ABCs of REBT
activating event - beliefs - consequences (emotional or behavioural)
Motivational Interviewing
a counseling method that helps people change their behavior by increasing their intrinsic motivation, Includes reflective listening, asking open-ended questions, affirming, summarizing, and informing and advising
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
helps people understand and accept their feelings, and learn how to change them in a way that leads to positive life changes - CBT
Third Wave Treatments
a group of cognitive and behavioral therapies that focus on promoting psychological and behavioral health and well-being - Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapyFunctional analytic psychotherapy Meta-cognitive therapy
Thought Records
A thought record is a tool used in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to help people identify and challenge negative thought patterns
