M3: Human Biocultural and Social Evolution Flashcards
Type of evolution that pertains to the integration of biological and cultural factors as living beings change over time.
Biocultural Evolution
The Manlike Primates
Hominids
Development of the different species of primates which were able to evolve 40 million years ago.
Hominids
The Handy Man; Recognized as the first true humans
Homo Habilis
The apelike men who first used stone tools as weapons and protection against their enemies.
Homo Habilis
The Upright Man; Can walk straight with almost the same brain as modern man
Homo Erectus
First manlike creature that lived about 500k years ago in Asia, Africa, and Europe and made refined stone stools for hunting and weapons for protection of the enemies
Homo Erectus
The Thinking Man; Direct descendant of modern man
Homo Sapiens
They had similar physical descriptions whose activities were largely dependent on hunting, fishing, and agriculture; They buried their dead, used and had tools, and had religion
Homo Sapiens
They survived through hunting larger animals, collecting shellfish and vegetable gathering
Food Gathering or Foraging Societies
They planted seeds
Horticultural Societies
They raised animals to provide milk, fur, and blood for protein
Pastoral Societies
They are typically relatively small, wandering communities organized along male-centerd kinship groups.
Pastoral Societies
People used plow than hoe in food production; Irrigation farming was introduced
Agricultural Societies
Use of machines as means of food production
Industrial Societies
Based on the production of information and services; The economy is driven by knowledge and not materials goods
Post-Industrial or Information Societies
Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies
Cultural Universals
Rich diversity in social patterns that different human groups exhibit around the world
Cultural Variation
A culture practice by groups whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society or a group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms
Counter Culture
Specific and unique set of beliefs and values that set them apart from the dominant culture
Subculture
A culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of society.
High Culture
A culture practiced or patronized by the middle and working classes of the society.
Popular Culture
The feeling of disoriented, uncertain, out of place or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
Culture Shock
The regard that one’s own culture and society is the center of everything and seen as the most efficient and superior among the cultures in the world.
Ethnocentrism
the practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.
Culture Relativism
is observed when new opens up new ways of living and when new ideas enter a culture as a result of globalization.
Cultural Change
4 Advantages of Cultural Relativism
(1) It promotes cooperation, (2) Respect and Equality is encouraged, (3) It preserves human cultures, (4) Cultural relativism creates a society without judgement
Everything that happens within a culture should not be questioned by outsiders
Absolute Culture Relativism
Questions about cultural practices in terms of who is accepting them and why
Critical Culture Relativism
No objective grounds for preferring the moral values of one culture over another
Meta-ethical Moral Relativism
Idea that all societies should accept each other’s differing moral values
Normative Moral Relativism
Moral standards are culturally defined
Descriptive Moral Relativism
