M3: Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium

Question 1

● Major extracellular anion

Answer 1

Chloride

Question 2

○ Involved in maintaining osmolality, blood volume, and
electric neutrality, along with sodium

Answer 2

Chloride

Question 3

Cl- diffuses into the red blood cell to maintain
electroneutrality

Answer 3

● Chloride shift

Question 4

Excess loss of HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Answer 4

hyperchloremia

Question 5

Excess loss of Cl-

Answer 5

hypochloremia

Question 6

__________ - lead to poor absorption of
electrolytes in the body

Answer 6

Prolonged vomiting

Question 7

________________- deficient aldosterone levels
leads to poorly reabsorbed chloride (since chloride is
reabsorbed with sodium)

Answer 7

○ Aldosterone deficiency -

Question 8

● Fifth most common element

Answer 8

Calcium

Question 9

● most prevalent cation in the human body

Answer 9

Calcium

Question 10

○ majority of calcium is stored in _____________

Answer 10

bones

Question 11

Ca2+ propagate signals down the axons

Answer 11

● neural transmission

Question 12

_________________ - stored as hydroxyapatite

Answer 12

skeletal mineralization

Question 13

________________- involved in activities of platelets to stop
bleeding

Answer 13

blood coagulation

Question 14

Decreased free calcium levels in blood
can cause muscle spasms or uncontrolled
muscle contractions called ___________

Answer 14

tetany

Question 15

3 calcium distribution

Answer 15

1. PTH
2. Vitamin D
3. Calcitonin

Question 16

● Important trigger to increase the absorption of Ca in the
diet, also, to increase/ help PTH in bone resorption

Answer 16

Vitamin D

Question 17

______________- secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 17

Calcitonin

Question 18

________________ - secreted in low Ca levels

Answer 18

PTH (PARATHYROID HORMONE

Question 19

_______________is not good because our calcium tends to deposit
in our body. For example, heavy deposition of calcium can lead to
kidney stones.

Answer 19

hypercalcemia

Question 20

● Fourth most abundant cation

Answer 20

Magnesium

Question 21

● Second most abundant intracellular ion

Answer 21

Magnesium

Question 22

Renal threshold of magnesium

Answer 22

0.60-0.85 mmol/L

Question 23

● Magnesium are Controlled largely by the ____________

Answer 23

kidney