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CC LEC 2 > M1: Water and Sodium > Flashcards

M1: Water and Sodium Flashcards

1
Q

Total body water volume is ____________

A

40L, 60%

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2
Q

○ Intracellular fluid volume is ________________

A

25L, 40%

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid volume = _____________

A

15L, 20%

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4
Q

■ Interstitial fluid volume = ______________

A

12L, 80% of ECF

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5
Q

Plasma volume = ________________

A

3L, 20% of ECF

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6
Q

● This refers to the water outside our
cells but within our tissues

A

Interstitial fluid volume

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7
Q

○ Major extracellular cation

A

● Sodium (Na+)

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8
Q

○ Major extracellular anion

A

● Chloride (Cl-)

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9
Q

○ Major intracellular cation

A

● Potassium (K+)

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10
Q

○ Major intracellular anion

A

● Phosphate (PO4)

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11
Q

● Requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes

A

active transport

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12
Q

● Molecules move against the concentration gradient

A

active transport

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13
Q

● Passive movement of ions across a membrane

A

diffusion

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14
Q

● Molecules move along the concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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15
Q

The molecule will pass directly in the cell membrane or it will
pass through a channel protein

A

Simple Diffusion

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16
Q

The molecule will make use of a carrier protein to be eliminated outside the cell or to enter the cell

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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17
Q

● The only difference of facilitated diffusion to the active transport is that it doesn’t use/require energy

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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18
Q

physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per kilogram of solvent (w/w)

A

osmolality

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19
Q

___________is more accurate and stable

A

osmolality

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20
Q

■ Release of renin and angiotensinogen is
triggered by _________________

A

low plasma osmolality

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21
Q

○ Concentration of solutes per liter of solvent (w/v)

A

Osmolarity

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22
Q

In the hospital setting, we use _________
since materials are in liters or millimeters
compared to grams or kilograms

A

osmolarity

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23
Q

● Normal plasma osmolality

A

○ 275 – 295 mOsm/kg of plasma H2O

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24
Q

○ osmoreceptors respond to small changes
and ○ regulated by AVP/ADH and thirst

A

● Normal plasma osmolality

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25
Q

increase plasma osmolality will lead to __________

A

increased ADH or (antidiuretic
hormone or arginine vasopressin)

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26
Q

decrease plasma osmolality will lead to ___________

A

shuts off ADH production

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27
Q

○ excess water intake&raquo_space;> ________________

A

lower plasma osmolality

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28
Q

○ less/no water intake&raquo_space;> _____________

A

high plasma osmolality

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29
Q

● Water Load will lead to high or low plasma osmolality?

A

low plasma osmolality

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30
Q

● Water deficit will lead to high or low plasma osmolality?

A

high plasma osmolality

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31
Q

In water load:

__________ and ____________ are suppressed

A

■ AVP and thirst mechanisms are suppressed

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32
Q

In water deficit:

■__________ and _______________ are activated

A

AVP and thirst are activated

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33
Q

water load: ● Water is ____________

A

not reabsorbed

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34
Q

Water Deficit: ● Water is _____________

A

reabsorbed

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35
Q

○ Dilute urine - _____________

A

low specific gravity

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36
Q

Water deficit:

○ _____________urine

A

Concentrated urine

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37
Q

○ Activated by low plasma volume and high osmolality

A

● Thirst Mechanism

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38
Q

■ One cause of hypervolemia is
__________________

A

vasoconstriction

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39
Q

____________is not used because it contain many
substances which affect determination of osmolality
such as clotting factors

A

plasma

40
Q

In determination of osmolality

________ and ________ are used except _____________

A

Urine and serum are used except plasma

41
Q

■ major electrolyte concentration
1._____________
2. _____________
3. ____________

A

○ sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

42
Q

This property
refers to the lowering of the freezing point of
a solution compared to that of the pure
solvent. The greater the number of solute
particles in the solution, the greater the
depression of the freezing point. Osmolality
can be calculated by measuring the change
in freezing point.

A

Freezing point

43
Q

This is the
opposite of depression of freezing point. It is
the increase in the boiling point of a solution
compared to that of the pure solvent. As with
freezing point depression, the elevation of
boiling point is proportional to the number of
solute particles in the solution.

A

Boiling Point

44
Q

______________ is the
pressure required to prevent the net flow of
solvent across a semipermeable membrane
due to differences in solute concentration. It’s
directly related to the osmolality of a solution.
The higher the osmolality, the higher the
osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure

45
Q

This property
refers to the reduction in the vapor pressure
of a solution compared to that of the pure
solvent. Just like with the other colligative
properties, vapor pressure lowering is
proportional to the number of solute particles
in the solution and can be used to calculate
osmolality.

A

Vapor Pressure

46
Q

______________ must be centrifuged to remove extraneous
particles

A

● Turbid specimen

47
Q

difference between the measured osmolality and calculated
osmolality

A

Osmolal gap

48
Q

measured using colligative properties

A

Measured osmolality

49
Q

concentration of osmotically
active substances sodium, urea, or glucose in plasma

A

Calculated osmolality

50
Q

Substances not normally present in the
blood, but also contribute to osmolality

A

EMELB

ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, lactate, or
β-hydroxybutyrate

51
Q

ELECTROLYTES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A

SPCCMLPB

● Sodium
● Potassium
● Chloride
● Calcium
● Magnesium
● Lactate
● Phosphate
● Bicarbonate

52
Q

● carry electric charge

A

Ions

53
Q

cation is __________
anion is ____________

A

○ (+) cation
○ (-) anion

54
Q

● Monovalent cation

A

Sodium

55
Q

● Most abundant cation in the ECF

A

Sodium

56
Q

Accounts 90% of all the ECF cations

A

Sodium

57
Q

■ More sodium, __________ plasma osmolality

A

higher

58
Q

3 regulation of sodium
1.
2.
3.

A

IEB

a) Intake of water in response to thirst
b) Excretion of water
c) Blood volume status

59
Q

What are the two type of primary active transport

A

● Na-K ATPase pump
● Na-K leak channels

60
Q

○ Uses energy (ATP); type of active transport

A

● Na-K ATPase pump

61
Q

○ For every 3 Na+ ions that exit the cell, 2 K+ ions enter
the cell as exchange

A

● Na-K ATPase pump

62
Q

○ Follows diffusion

A

● Na-K leak channels

63
Q

Used in emergency situations when Na-K ATPase
pump is not enough to release sodium outside the cell

A

● Na-K leak channels

64
Q

major site of sodium reabsorption

A

● Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

65
Q

● Parts of the ____________ involved in the reabsorption of sodium

A

nephron

66
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - major site of sodium
reabsorption;_________ of Na+ is reabsorbed
● Thick ascending loop of Henle -_________of Na+ is reabsorbed
● Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - ___________ Na+ is reabsorbed
● Collecting duct - __________Na+ is reabsorbed

A

65-70%
~25%
~5%
1-2%

67
Q

● Low blood sodium levels

A

Hyponatremia

68
Q

Hyponatremia

● _______ mmol/L

A

<135 mmol/L

69
Q

● One of the most common electrolyte disorders

A

Hyponatremia

70
Q

○ More common than hypernatremia

A

Hyponatremia

71
Q

● affects both inpatient and outpatient

A

Hyponatremia

72
Q

Hyponatremia

● Requires medical attention; Cannot be solved by just eating
______________________

A

sodium rich food

73
Q

● High blood sodium levels

A

Hypernatremia

74
Q

Hypernatremia

● ________________ mmol/L

A

> 142 or >145 mmol/L

75
Q

● Less common

A

Hypernatremia

76
Q

Hypernatremia

● Can be solved by merely ______________

A

drinking water

77
Q

leads to deficiency of aldosterone making it
difficult to reabsorb sodium

A

Hypoadrenalism

78
Q

if potassium is low, tubules will prioritize
the conservation of potassium. When potassium enters, sodium is
excreted

A

Potassium deficiency

79
Q

○ _______________secondary to potassium deficiency

A

Sodium deficiency

80
Q

medications that allow patients to lose water
○ Commonly prescribed to patients with edema

A

Diuretic use

81
Q

The body retained water because of abnormal release
of the antidiuretic hormone.

A

● SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate arginine vasopressin
hormone secretion)

82
Q

○ There is no problem with the body of the patient, but
there is a problem during testing:

A

Pseudohyponatremia

83
Q

○ Patients with high glucose or Diabetes mellitus

A

Hyperglycemia

84
Q

■ Medication that blocks the action of the
antidiuretic hormone

A

○ Conivaptan

85
Q

________________- the myelin sheath of neuron is
lysed

A

Cerebral Myelinolysis

86
Q

water content of plasma enters the
cell

A

○ Cerebral edema

87
Q

In ________________the solutes in the plasma are low
(plasma osmolality is low) and the insides of the cell will
become more concentrated. Thus, the water content
will enter the cell

A

hyponatremia

88
Q

● Excess loss of water relative to sodium loss

A

hypernatremia

89
Q

Deficiency of ADH

A

Neurogenic

90
Q

Renal Tubules cannot respond to ADH

A

Nephrogenic

91
Q

○ The problem is in the pituitary gland being unable to
secrete ADH

A

Neurogenic

92
Q

Pituitary can produce ADH, but nephrons cannot
recognize them hence ________________

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

93
Q

hypernatremia treatment

● Rapid correction (____________) can induce cerèbral edema and death (maximal rate: ____________)

A

> 160 mmol/L
0.5 mmol/L/hour

94
Q

Commonly occurs in those persons who may be thirsty but who are unable to ask for or obtain water (adults with altered mental status and infants)

A

decreased water intake

95
Q
A

CC LEC 2 (15 decks)

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