M3 Flashcards
These are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument.
Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.
LOGICAL FALLACIES
It’s an insult used as if it were an argument or evidence in support of a conclusion. Verbally attacking people proves nothing about the truth or falsity
of their claims.
AD HOMINEM
Politician A arguing that Politician B cannot possibly be a good choice because he/she is not intelligent and cannot speak with eloquence.
AD HOMINEM
It presents a choice between two mutually exclusive options, implying that there are no other options. One option is clearly worse than the other, making the choice seem obvious.
FALSE DILEMMA
“Do not use our magic face cream or you won’t have clear skin.”
FALSE DILEMMA
It manipulates someone’s feelings of pity or guilt in order to get them to support a point of view. One’s emotions have nothing to do with the correctness of an idea or the value of a product, but argumentative writing and speaking often appeals to our emotions, such as pity.
APPEAL TO PITY
Convincing others to agree with you to vote for a contestant to win because
he/she comes from a very poor family.
APPEAL TO PITY
sometimes called the appeal to common belief or appeal to the masses because it’s all about getting people to do or think
something because “everyone else is doing it” or “everything else thinks this.” It is like peer pressure.
BANDWAGON FALLACY
Voting for Politician A because almost everyone in the barangay voted that
politician.
BANDWAGON FALLACY
Sometimes called the over-generalization fallacy. It is basically making a claim
based on evidence that it just too small.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
Five students from Section C were scolded for their misbehaviors. Then, the whole Section C were labeled as the worst section in your year level.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
An argument or subject that is introduced to divert attention from the real issue
or problem.
RED HERRING FALLACY
When someone pointed out your mistake and you answered them by listing down the mistakes done by other people.
RED HERRING FALLACY
This fallacy occurs when someone uses the testimony of an authority in order to warrant their conclusion, but the authority appealed to is not an expert in the field in question.
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
Using the names of famous celebrities to convince other people to buy the
beauty products they are selling.
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
