M2 - Plants

Question 1

What is FECA

Answer 1

First Eukaryotic Common Ancestor

Question 2

What is LECA

Answer 2

Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor

Question 3

Are algae a monophyletic group

Answer 3

Nope, they are a diverse photosynthetic organism living in water

Question 4

What are Archaeplastida

Answer 4

Algae and land plants

Question 4

Are land plants a monophyletic group

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What are synapomorphies of plants

Answer 5

• Chloroplasts
• Photosynthesis
• Cell Walls

Question 6

What are chloroplasts

Answer 6

Photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed into eukaryotic cells during primary endosymbiosis

Question 7

What does photosynthesis do

Answer 7

Convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars to fuel a plant

Question 8

What are cell walls made out of

Answer 8

Carbohydrates and other molecules

Question 9

What do land plants have in cell walls

Answer 9

Cellulose

Question 10

What caused aquatic plants to transition to landplants

Answer 10

The late Devonian extinction causing reduced CO2 levels and global cooling

Question 11

What was the issues with transitioning from aquatic to land plants (2)

Answer 11

1. Gravity
2. Dehydration

Question 12

What were the key adaptions to allow the transition to land plants (4) (AKA synapomorphies of land plants)

Answer 12

1. Cellulose cell walls
2. Cuticles
3. Stomata
4. Embryo retention

Question 13

How did cellulose cell walls help plants adapt to land

Answer 13

Made walls more rigid allowing them to grow upright without buoyancy

Question 14

How did cuticles help plants adapt to land

Answer 14

They are a waxy layer that prevented dehydration in plants by reducing water loss

Question 15

How did stomata help plants adapt to land

Answer 15

Allowed for gas exchange - opened for CO2 uptake and closed to prevent water loss

Question 16

How did embryo retention help plants adapt to land

Answer 16

• Allowed for protection of embryos during development

Question 17

What are the stages of land plants (2)

Answer 17

1. Gametophytes
2. Sporphites

Question 18

Have do gametophytes reproduce

Answer 18

Produce gametes by mitosis

Question 19

How do sporphites reproduce

Answer 19

Produce spores through meisosis

Question 20

What are the 2 types of land plants

Answer 20

1. Bryophytes
2. Vascular plants

Question 21

Describe the characteristics of bryophytes

Answer 21

• Non vascular plants
• Small
• Reproduce in wet conditions

Question 22

What are examples of bryophytes

Answer 22

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Question 23

What stage do bryophytes spend most of their time in

Answer 23

Gametophyte (n) stage is dominant

Sporophytes (2n) on plants are small

Question 24

Describe the characteristics of vascular plants

Answer 24

• Vasular tissue
• Transport water, nutrients and sugar through plant

Question 25

What are examples of vascular plants

Answer 25

Ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms

Question 26

What are synapomorphies of vascular plants

Answer 26

• Vascular tissue

Question 27

What stage do vascular plants spend most of their time in

Answer 27

Sporophyte (2n) stage is dominant

Gametophytes are small

Question 28

What is pollen

Answer 28

The male gametophyte

Question 29

What do seeds contain

Answer 29

Female gametophyte - embryo, food supply and protective coat

Question 30

What are synapomorphies of angiosperms and gymnosperms

Answer 30

• Pollen
• Seeds

Question 31

What are angiosperms

Answer 31

Type of vascular plant

Question 32

What are synapomorphies of angiosperms

Answer 32

• Fruit
• Flowers

Question 33

Reproductive structure of flowers

Answer 33

Cells undergo meiosis to produce pollen or egg

Question 34

Reproductive structure of fruits

Answer 34

Eggs develop in ovaries and enclose seeds

• Specialized for seed dispersal