M2 - Fungi and Animals

Question 1

What are protists

Answer 1

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals or plants

Question 2

What are characteristics of protists

Answer 2

They are generally unicellular and not a monophylitic group

Question 3

Why are protists unicellular

Answer 3

Because multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes

Question 4

When did fungi evolve

Answer 4

1.5 billion years ago, before land plants

Question 5

Are fungi a monophyletic group

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What are the synapomorphies of fungi (3)

Answer 6

• Cell wall contains chitin
• Extracellular digestion
• Mycelium

Question 7

Why is chitin important in fungi

Answer 7

It protects them against environmental stress

Question 8

Explain fungi extracellular digestion

Answer 8

• Secrete enzymes into environment
• Enzymes break down food into small molecules
• Small molecules are absorbed by mycelium through membrane proteins

Question 9

What is the structure of mycelium

Answer 9

They are a network of individual branching proteins called hyphae

Question 9

What is the role of mycelium

Answer 9

Transport proteins and import nutrients

Question 10

What do fungi decompose

Answer 10

• Dead plant biomass
• Cellulose
• Lignin (macromolecule in wood)

Question 10

How do fungi provide nutrients

Answer 10

Fungi mycelium live in plant roots and exchange mineral nutrients for sugars

Question 11

What are the roles of fungi

Answer 11

1. Decomposer
2. Nutrient provide

Question 12

How do fungi create mycorrhizal associations

Answer 12

Fungal hyphae penetrate plant roots, root cell membranes form specialized structure for nutrient exchange

Question 13

What is mycorrhizae

Answer 13

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots

Question 14

When did animals evolve

Answer 14

After fungi and plants

Question 15

Whats the benefits of animals being multicellular

Answer 15

• Allows cell coordination, communication and specialization
• Allows different cells to exist due to differential gene expression
• Allows animals to grow larger and access more food

Question 16

What are the synapomoprhies of animals

Answer 16

• Movement
• Ingestion

Question 17

Explain animal movement

Answer 17

At some point in their life, all animals move in some way. Some only move for a small portion of their life

Question 18

What does ingestion mean

Answer 18

Animals can consume food packets of their choice

Question 19

What does it mean for an animal to be sessile

Answer 19

To be stationary or fixed in place

Question 20

What are the 3 types of animal symmetry

Answer 20

• Asymmetry
• Radial symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry

Question 21

What is cephalization

Answer 21

A distinct head region with a mouth, sensory organs and brain, and tail region with anus and muscles for movement

Question 22

Why is cephalization important

Answer 22

Helps in sensory systems and complex movement.

Question 23

What are the most common sensory systems

Answer 23

Touch, smell, taste, hear, see, BUT many animals have different systems or different variations of said systems

Question 24

What are the 2 types of tissues in animals

Answer 24

Muscle tissue and nerve tissue

Question 25

What animal does NOT have muscle and nerve tissue

Answer 25

Sponges

Question 26

What is animal phylogeny based on

Answer 26

Based on body symmetry, asymmetrical to radially symmetrical to bilaterally symmetrical

Question 27

What is the structure of muscle tissue

Answer 27

Composed of contractile fibres (actin and myosin) enabling shortening and lengthening

Question 28

What is the structure of nerve tissues

Answer 28

Made of neuron’s, process and transmit electrical signals

Question 29

Are virus’s living

Answer 29

No they are not living, they respond to environments and replication