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BIOL 1070 > M2 - History of Life + Domain > Flashcards

M2 - History of Life + Domain Flashcards

1
Q

What does LUCA stand for

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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2
Q

How can LUCA be used to learn about evolution

A

Homologous structures shows when traits have evolved

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3
Q

What is the order of formation of life

A

Bacteria - Aquatic plants - Aquatic animals - land plants - land animals - Dinosaurs - Birds - Mammals - Humans

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4
Q

What are examples of fossiles

A
  • Preserved remains (tooth, bones)
  • Indirect evidence (footprint, poop)
  • Molecular in nature (DNA, chlorophyll)
  • Very Small (plant spores)
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5
Q

What is a transitional fossil

A

Fossil from extinct animal showing adaption

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6
Q

When and where was the tikataalik discovered

A

2004 in Canadian Artic

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7
Q

When was the tikataalik likely alive

A

375M years ago

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8
Q

What is the importance of discovering the tikataalik

A

Showed how vertibreid species adapted to land

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9
Q

What were some traits on the tikataalik

A

Aquatic: gills, fins
Land: Limbs, neck, flat skull, ribs, eyes

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10
Q

What are the modes of diversity (2)

A

1) Mass extinction
2) Adaptive Radiation

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11
Q

Define Mass Extenction

A

EXTREME environmental event that wipes out 50-75% of species at RANDOM creating ECOLOGICAL OPPORTINITY

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12
Q

What is ecological opportunity

A

The ability for new or unexploited resources, habitats, and roles to be filled by a species or group

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13
Q

What does ecological opportunity allow for

A

Adaptive Radiation

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14
Q

Whats an example of ecological opportunity

A

The diversification of mammals after the extinction of dinosours

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15
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Rapid diversification from small lineages to rapid number of species - each with its own adaptions to an environment

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16
Q

What causes adaptive radiation

A

Rapid Speciation and diversification

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17
Q

What was the Cambodian explosion

A

A rapid diversification of life. Unprecedented explosion of biodiversity

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18
Q

How did Galapagos finches vary from one another

A

Different beak sizes, different food sources

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18
Q

What came from the the Cambodian explosion

A
  • Most animal groups
  • Complex multi-celled organisms
  • Protection and defense mechanisms like hard shells and spines
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19
Q

What is the rapid diversification of Galapagos finches an example of

A

Adaptive Radiation

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19
Q

What are the 7 things all living organisms do

A
  1. Obtain energy
  2. Regulate internal conditions
  3. Metabolize
  4. Eliminate waste
  5. Grow
  6. Respond to environment
  7. Reproduce
20
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Single celled living organisms including bacteria and archera

21
Q

Where are prokaryotes found

A

Everywhere in the world

22
Q

What is the genetic makeup of bacteria

A
  • Cell membrane and cell wall
  • Store DNA in single, circular chromosome
  • NO nucleas
  • Some have plasma
23
What varies between bacteria
- Some single celled, some multicellular - Different shapes - Different ways to obtain energy from environments - Some preform photosynthesis
24
How many genes do bacteria typically have
Usually have 1000 to 5000 genes
25
What is the genetic makeup of Archaea
- Unicellular - Circular chromosomes and plasmids - No nucleus - Histone proteins to package DNA
26
What does it mean that archaea are extremophiles
They live in very extreme enviroments
27
How are archaea diverse
Diverse in methods of getting energy
28
What is a synapomorphy
Characteristic unique to particular group of organisms
29
What are the 3 synapomorphies of eukaryotes
1. Meioses 2. The nucleus 3. The mitochondria
30
What are the key aspects of meiosis (2)
Reduction Division: Polyploidy is halved Genetic recombination: crossing over of chromosomes
31
Why is meiosis important in eukaryotes
- Allows for sexual reproduction - Promotes genetic diversity
32
Do all eukaryotes undergo meiosis
- No, some do not
33
What is the structure of the nucleus
Double membrane that regulates molecule transport
34
What processes take place inside the nucleas
Transcription and mRNA processing
35
Where are chromosomes housed in eukaryotes
Inside the nucleas
36
How does the nucleus contribute to adaptive radiation
It allows cells to be genetically complex, and express different genes
37
What is the structure of the mitochondria
Double membrane organelle within eukaryotic cells
38
What processes take place in the mitochondria
- Most of cellular respiration - ATP synthesis
39
Do all eukaryotes have mitochondria
All eukaryotes have a functioning mitochondria OR evidence of one within their ancestors
40
How does the mitochondira contribute to adaptive radiation
- Provides energy needed to explore new environments - Provides energy needed to create biological variation
41
What traits do eukaryotes share with non eukaryotes
- ER, golgi, vesicle transport - Cytoskeletal elements; actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
42
What are chimera's
Having cells from 2 different sources
43
What's an example of a chimera
Eukaryotes - have cells from mother and father
44
How are eukaryotes similar to archaea
Have similar information processing machinery
45
How are eukaryotes similar to bacteria
Have similar cell membrane structure and metabolism
46
What is endosymbiosis
One organism living inside the cell of another
47
Describe the endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria evolved from bacteria cells that were engulfed into early eukaryotic cells - Beneficial to host and bacteria cell
48
What happened in primary endosymbiosis
Eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryote which evolved into an organelle in the host cell
49
What happened in secondary endosymbiosis
Organelles from primary endosymbiosis engulfed into another eukaryote creating more complex cells
50
What is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria are the size of bacteria, have their own genes in bacterial-like circular chromosomes and have double membranes from 2 rounds of endosymbiosis

BIOL 1070 (5 decks)

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