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BIOL 1070 > M2 - History of Life + Domain > Flashcards

M2 - History of Life + Domain Flashcards

1
Q

What does LUCA stand for

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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2
Q

How can LUCA be used to learn about evolution

A

Homologous structures shows when traits have evolved

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3
Q

What is the order of formation of life

A

Bacteria - Aquatic plants - Aquatic animals - land plants - land animals - Dinosaurs - Birds - Mammals - Humans

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4
Q

What are examples of fossiles

A
  • Preserved remains (tooth, bones)
  • Indirect evidence (footprint, poop)
  • Molecular in nature (DNA, chlorophyll)
  • Very Small (plant spores)
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5
Q

What is a transitional fossil

A

Fossil from extinct animal showing adaption

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6
Q

When and where was the tikataalik discovered

A

2004 in Canadian Artic

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7
Q

When was the tikataalik likely alive

A

375M years ago

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8
Q

What is the importance of discovering the tikataalik

A

Showed how vertibreid species adapted to land

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9
Q

What were some traits on the tikataalik

A

Aquatic: gills, fins
Land: Limbs, neck, flat skull, ribs, eyes

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10
Q

What are the modes of diversity (2)

A

1) Mass extinction
2) Adaptive Radiation

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11
Q

Define Mass Extenction

A

EXTREME environmental event that wipes out 50-75% of species at RANDOM creating ECOLOGICAL OPPORTINITY

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12
Q

What is ecological opportunity

A

The ability for new or unexploited resources, habitats, and roles to be filled by a species or group

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13
Q

What does ecological opportunity allow for

A

Adaptive Radiation

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14
Q

Whats an example of ecological opportunity

A

The diversification of mammals after the extinction of dinosours

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15
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Rapid diversification from small lineages to rapid number of species - each with its own adaptions to an environment

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16
Q

What causes adaptive radiation

A

Rapid Speciation and diversification

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17
Q

What was the Cambodian explosion

A

A rapid diversification of life. Unprecedented explosion of biodiversity

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18
Q

How did Galapagos finches vary from one another

A

Different beak sizes, different food sources

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18
Q

What came from the the Cambodian explosion

A
  • Most animal groups
  • Complex multi-celled organisms
  • Protection and defense mechanisms like hard shells and spines
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19
Q

What is the rapid diversification of Galapagos finches an example of

A

Adaptive Radiation

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19
Q

What are the 7 things all living organisms do

A
  1. Obtain energy
  2. Regulate internal conditions
  3. Metabolize
  4. Eliminate waste
  5. Grow
  6. Respond to environment
  7. Reproduce
20
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Single celled living organisms including bacteria and archera

21
Q

Where are prokaryotes found

A

Everywhere in the world

22
Q

What is the genetic makeup of bacteria

A
  • Cell membrane and cell wall
  • Store DNA in single, circular chromosome
  • NO nucleas
  • Some have plasma
23
Q

What varies between bacteria

A
  • Some single celled, some multicellular
  • Different shapes
  • Different ways to obtain energy from environments
  • Some preform photosynthesis
24
Q

How many genes do bacteria typically have

A

Usually have 1000 to 5000 genes

25
Q

What is the genetic makeup of Archaea

A
  • Unicellular
  • Circular chromosomes and plasmids
  • No nucleus
  • Histone proteins to package DNA
26
Q

What does it mean that archaea are extremophiles

A

They live in very extreme enviroments

27
Q

How are archaea diverse

A

Diverse in methods of getting energy

28
Q

What is a synapomorphy

A

Characteristic unique to particular group of organisms

29
Q

What are the 3 synapomorphies of eukaryotes

A
  1. Meioses
  2. The nucleus
  3. The mitochondria
30
Q

What are the key aspects of meiosis (2)

A

Reduction Division: Polyploidy is halved
Genetic recombination: crossing over of chromosomes

31
Q

Why is meiosis important in eukaryotes

A
  • Allows for sexual reproduction
  • Promotes genetic diversity
32
Q

Do all eukaryotes undergo meiosis

A
  • No, some do not
33
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus

A

Double membrane that regulates molecule transport

34
Q

What processes take place inside the nucleas

A

Transcription and mRNA processing

35
Q

Where are chromosomes housed in eukaryotes

A

Inside the nucleas

36
Q

How does the nucleus contribute to adaptive radiation

A

It allows cells to be genetically complex, and express different genes

37
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria

A

Double membrane organelle within eukaryotic cells

38
Q

What processes take place in the mitochondria

A
  • Most of cellular respiration
  • ATP synthesis
39
Q

Do all eukaryotes have mitochondria

A

All eukaryotes have a functioning mitochondria OR evidence of one within their ancestors

40
Q

How does the mitochondira contribute to adaptive radiation

A
  • Provides energy needed to explore new environments
  • Provides energy needed to create biological variation
41
Q

What traits do eukaryotes share with non eukaryotes

A
  • ER, golgi, vesicle transport
  • Cytoskeletal elements; actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
42
Q

What are chimera’s

A

Having cells from 2 different sources

43
Q

What’s an example of a chimera

A

Eukaryotes - have cells from mother and father

44
Q

How are eukaryotes similar to archaea

A

Have similar information processing machinery

45
Q

How are eukaryotes similar to bacteria

A

Have similar cell membrane structure and metabolism

46
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

One organism living inside the cell of another

47
Q

Describe the endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria evolved from bacteria cells that were engulfed into early eukaryotic cells

  • Beneficial to host and bacteria cell
48
Q

What happened in primary endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryote which evolved into an organelle in the host cell

49
Q

What happened in secondary endosymbiosis

A

Organelles from primary endosymbiosis engulfed into another eukaryote creating more complex cells

50
Q

What is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria are the size of bacteria, have their own genes in bacterial-like circular chromosomes and have double membranes from 2 rounds of endosymbiosis

BIOL 1070 (5 decks)

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