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BIOL 1070 > Class Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Class Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Phenotypes

A

Structure and behaviour of individual organisms

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2
Q

What determines phenotypes

A

Genetics and environment (environment = what organism is exposed to)

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3
Q

What does protein do

A

Preform functions in cells, function depends on protein structure

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4
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA to RNA to Proteins

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5
Q

What determines protein structure

A

Sequence of AA

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6
Q

How is DNA made

A

A string of nucleotides packed into chromosomes

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7
Q

What are genes

A

Sequences of DNA that code to produce RNA and/or protien

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8
Q

What are alleles

A

Different versions of info encoded at a given gene

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9
Q

What causes mutations

A

Cell replication

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10
Q

What is evolution

A

Process that results in changes in the proportion of heritable traits within a population from 1 gen to the next

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11
Q

What drives evolution (4)

A

1) Natural selection
2) Mutation
3) Genetic drift
4) Gene flow

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12
Q

What did Peter and Rosemary Grant do

A

Research medium ground finches on Galapagos islands

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13
Q

Evolution

A

The process that results in changes in the proportion of heritable traits
within populations from one generation to the next.

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14
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Changes in allele frequencies that happen as a result of sampling error (random chance)

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15
Q

What are the impacts of genetic drift

A

Decreases the total amount of allelic variation in a population over
time

Can cause deleterious alleles to increase in frequency

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16
Q

Founder effect

A

When a subset from a larger population
leave and ‘found’ a new population

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17
Q

How does founder effect impact population

A

Can be dramatic if the founding population is particularly small - only bring small amount of alleles

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18
Q

Bottleneck

A

When a population shrinks dramatically,
and differential survival/reproduction
does not depend on phenotypic traits

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19
Q

What can cause bottlenecks

A

Think of events that ‘equalize’ chance of
survival

  • Floods, fires, etc
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20
Q

Gene flow

A

The flow of alleles between two or more
populations (of the same species)

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21
Q

How does gene flow effect populations

A

Gene flow keeps populations genetically
similar to one another

  • This can have negative or positive impacts on the fitness of the populations involved
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22
Q

What happens if there is no gene flow

A

When there is no gene flow –
evolutionary changes in each population
is independent of one another
– which allows them to diverge from one another (genetically/ phenotypically)

23
Q

Are mutations random

A

Random with regards to evolution and natural selection

24
Q

How do mutations impact population

A

A single mutation does not immediately have a major impact on allele
frequencies – but serves as the source of new variation

25
Q

How do mutations affect reproductive fitness

A

Random with regards to reproductive fitness

  • Beneficial mutations are not ‘more likely’ to occur
26
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

Defining the outcome(s) we would expect to see if the effect we are
interested in does not exist/isn’t happening

26
Q

Whats the ultimate source of genetic variation

A

Mutations

27
Q

What is the HWE

A

A null model used to test if evolution is occurring

27
Q

Whats a model

A

A simplified representation of something

28
Q

What are the 5 assumptions of the HWE

A
  1. Population size is infinite – otherwise there will be sampling
    error (and genetic drift will occur!)
  2. No mutations
  3. No migration
  4. No natural selection
  5. Mating is completely random
29
Q

Why can we not make fixed models for evolution

A

Not as simple as a static image or
object – because evolution is not a
static process

30
Q

How do we simplify the HWE

A
  • Only tracking one gene and assume it only has two alleles
  • Assume there is a clear F0 generation who all reproduce at the same time
  • Not including different sexes (males or females) – all gametes are capable
    of ‘fertilizing’ one another
31
Q

Formula for HWE

A

p2 + 2pq + q2

P = dominant allele
Q = recessive allele

  • Formula used to determine allele frequency
32
Q

Why is it helpful to understand evolutionary processes

A

Conservation efforts

  • Addressing issues related to health and disease
32
Q

What is the extinction vortex

A

Graph that shows how fragmentation affects population which leads to possible extinction.

33
Q

Whats the impact of inbreeding

A

Inbreeding can cause increases in homozygous
phenotypes (and increased rates of deleterious
phenotypes!)

34
Q

Population

A

A population is a group of
individuals from the same
geographic region that
regularly mate together.

35
Q

What’s required for populations to become separate species

A

Genetic isolation (barriers to gene flow)
Genetic divergence (mutation, genetic drift, natural selection)

36
Q

What is speciation

A

Speciation is the process of genetic isolation and genetic
divergence that is responsible for the creation of new species

37
Q

What is allopathic speciation

A

A physical barrier to gene flow

Species is split due to a
geographic barrier or because
some individuals move to a
separate place.

38
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

Other barriers to gene flow

  • Species is split by
    reproductive separation even
    though they are in the same
    place)
39
Q

What are species

A
  • An evolutionary independent unit in nature—meaning,
  • a population or group of populations that is genetically isolated
    from others and is thus changing under the effects of natural
    selection, genetic drift, and mutation independently of others
40
Q

What is the biological species concept

A

“groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups.”

41
Q

What three things does the biological species complex not work for

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sometimes hybrids are viable
  • Cannot use for fossils
42
Q

What do phylogenetic tree do

A

Depict evolutionary relationships
between different taxa

43
Q

What are phylogenetic trees based on

A
  • Based on common ancestry
  • Species are more closely related if they have
    a more recent common ancestor
44
Q

Why are phylogenetic trees helpful

A

1) Determine common ancestry among taxa
2) Understand trait evolution
3) Track emergent diseases

45
Q

What data is used to construct phylogenetic trees

A
  • Molecular traits have become the
    gold standard
  • Genetics, protein sequences, etc.
46
Q

What is a clade

A

Monophyletic: A common ancestor
and all its descendants
* A natural unit in evolution – often
defined

47
Q

Paraphyletic

A
  • Paraphyletic: Common ancestor
    and a subset of its descendants
48
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Polyphyletic: Usually two species
that share a trait because of
convergent evolution

49
Q

Homoplasy

A

Homoplasy occurs when two (or
more) taxa independently evolve
the same trait

50
Q

Are evolutionary trees proven

A

No! They are hypothesis’

51
Q

Homology

A

Homology occurs when two (or
more) taxa share the same trait
because they both inherited it from
a shared ancestor

BIOL 1070 (2 decks)

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