Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human anatomy > m2: musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

m2: musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

● Framework that helps maintain the body’s shape and enables us to move normally.
● Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Body Support
  2. Organ Protection
  3. Body Movement
  4. Mineral Storage
  5. Blood Cell Production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bone Cells
○ Three types:

A

■ Osteoblast
■ Osteocytes
■ Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

○ “Bone Building”
○ extensive endoplasmic reticulum and
numerous ribosomes
○ produce collagen and proteoglycans
○ _ - formation of new bones |
occurs multiple times during life
○ produce bone matrix until they
become surrounded by bone matrix →
becomes OSTEOCYTES

A

OSTEOBLAST

Ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

○ Matured Osteoblasts
○ Account for 90–95% of bone cells | life-span of _ yrs.
○ produce the components needed to maintain the bone matrix.

A

● OSTEOCYTES

25 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

● _

○ _
■ Spaces within the matrix
■ Houses bodies of osteocytes
○ _
■ narrow, long spaces
■ Houses the extensions of osteocytes

A

● OSTEOCYTES

○ LACUNAE
○ CANALICULI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

○ “bone-destroying”
○ Causes bone reabsorption

A

OSTEOCLASTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

● Porous | less bone matrix |more space
● consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone (trabeculae)
● Contains : Red Marrow & Yellow Marrow

A

SPONGY BONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

● Cortical Bone | Solid outer layer of bones
● more matrix and is denser with fewer pores

A

COMPACT BONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

○ functional unit of compact bone | Central Canal → Bull’s eye
○ AKA: _ System

A

● OSTEON

Haversian System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE

A

Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Articular Cartilage
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Line
Periosteum
Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

○ Center portion of the long bone

A

● Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

○ Hollow center of the long bone

A

● Medullary Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

○ Hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones

A

● Articular Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

○ Ends of long bones | Mostly spongy bone c outer compact bone

A

● Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

○ Growth plate | between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
○ Growth in bone length occurs here

A

● Epiphyseal Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

○ When epiphyseal plate ossifies → becomes epiphyseal line

A

● Epiphyseal Line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

○ connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
○ Outer - blood vessels and nerves | Inner - single layer of bone cells (Osteoblasts & Osteocytes)

A

● Periosteum

19
Q

○ single cell layer of connective tissue
○ lines the internal surfaces of cavities w/in bones
○ Includes osteoblasts & osteoclasts

A

● Endosteum

20
Q

● Length is greater than their breadth
● shape enhances their function in movement of appendages
● Found in the limbs (humerus, femur, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges)

A

Long Bones

21
Q

● approximately as wide as they are long
● help transfer force between long bones
● Found in the hand and foot (scaphoid, lunate, talus and calcaneum)

A

Short Bones

22
Q

● relatively thin | flattened shape
● well-suited to providing a strong barrier around soft organs
● Skull bones, the ribs, the scapulae , and the sternum

A

Flat Bones

23
Q

● shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories
● have specialized functions | providing protection while allowing bending and flexing

A

Irregular Bones

24
Q

● shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories
● have specialized functions | providing protection while allowing bending and flexing

A

Sesamoid Bones

25
Q

● Movement of the body
● Maintenance of posture
● Respiration
● Communication
● Constriction of organs and vessels
● Contraction of the heart

A

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE

26
Q

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
● _
○ ability of muscle to shorten forcefully, or contract

●
○ capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

● _
○ muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract.

● _
○ ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.

A

● Contractility

● Excitability

● Extensibility

● Elasticity

27
Q

Connective Tissue Coverings
○ _
■ connective tissue sheath | surrounds each skeletal muscle

○ _
■ Subdivides each muscle into FASCICLES
■ loose connective tissue | passageways for blood vessels and nerves

○ _
■ delicate layer of connective tissue
■ separates the individual muscle fibers within each fascicle

A

○ Epimysium

○ Perimysium

○ Endomysium

28
Q

● _
○ muscle cell plasma membrane

● _
○ multiple per cell at the periphery

● _
○ Mm cell cytoplasm

● _
○ contains actin and myosin filament
○ composed of about 1500 adjacent MYOSIN FILAMENTS and 3000 ACTIN FILAMENT

● _
○ myofilaments in the sarcomere provide the mechanical aspect of muscle contraction.
○ _
■ thin filaments
○ _
■ thick filaments

A

● SARCOLEMMA

● NUCLEUS

● SARCOPLASMA

● MYOFIBRIL

● MYOFILAMENTS
○ ACTIN
○ MYOSIN

29
Q

● SARCOMERE
○ join end to end, forming the myofibrils
○ smallest portion of a muscle that can contract
○ arrangement of the actin and myosin myofilaments within sarcomeres that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance

○ _ _
■ Z stands for ZWISCHENSCHEIBE (between)
■ stationary anchor for actin myofilaments

○ 3 REGIONS:
■ two lighter-staining regions (_ BAND)
■ central darker-staining region (_ BAND)

A

● SARCOMERE
○ Z DISKS

I BAND
A BAND

30
Q

● _ BAND
○ contain only _ myofilaments (thin filaments)
○ Light bands

● _ BAND
○ Dark band
○ Contains _ and _ filaments

● _ _
○ contains only _ myofilaments (thick filaments)

● _ _
○ Center of the H zone
○ consists of delicate protein filaments that hold the myosin myofilaments in place

A

● I BAND - actin

● A BAND- myosin and actin

● H ZONE- myosin

● M LINE

31
Q

_ MYOFILAMENTS
● composed of three separate proteins:
○ (1) _
○ (2) _
○ (3) _
● Attachment sites on Actin → Receptor sites for Myosin Head

A

ACTIN
○ (1) actin
○ (2) tropomyosin
○ (3) troponin

32
Q

● _
○ long, fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand
○ Relaxed mm → covers the attachment sites on actin (uncovering these are required for mm contraction)

A

● Tropomyosin

33
Q

● _
○ 3 subunits:
■ a subunit that anchors the troponin to the actin
■ subunit that prevents the tropomyosin from uncovering the actin attachment sites in a relaxed muscle
■ subunit that binds Ca 2+

A

● Troponin

34
Q

_ MYOFILAMENTS
● many elongated myosin molecules shaped like golf clubs
● Myosin Molecules are composed of:
○ _ _
○ _ _ portions (2)
■ heads bind to active sites → form cross-bridges (mm contraction)
■ heads are attached to the rod portion by a hinge region that bends and straightens during contraction
■ heads break down adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing energy
● Part of the energy is used to bend the hinge region of the myosin molecule during contraction

A

MYOSIN
○ Rod portion
○ Myosin head portions (2)

35
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION STRUCTURE
● _ _/ _
○ consists of a group of enlarged axon terminals that rests on a portion of the sarcolemma
○ Composed of:
■ axon terminals
■ area of the muscle fiber sarcolemma they
innervate

● _ _
○ Found on the axon
○ Synaptic vesicles contain Acetylcholine

● _ _
○ Space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle
fiber

● _ _ _ / _ Membrane
○ muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction

A

● Neuromuscular Junction / Synapse

● Presynaptic Terminal

● Synaptic Cleft

● Motor End Plate / Postsynaptic Membrane

36
Q

● parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere causes muscle contraction

● During _ _ → actin and myosin myofilaments in the sarcomere slide past one another and shorten the sarcomere
○ myofilaments remain the same length (even at rest)
○ myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicles, and muscles
shorten during contraction

A

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

mm contraction

37
Q

● _
○ muscle that accomplishes a certain movement, such as _ brachii in elbow flexion

● _
○ muscle acting in opposition to an agonist, such as _ brachii in elbow flexion

A

● Agonist - BICEPS

● Antagonist- TRICEPS

38
Q

● _
○ group of muscles working together to produce a movement (ex. _ brachii and _ are synergists in elbow flexion)

● _ _
○ among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the movement. The _ is the prime mover in flexing the elbow.

A

● Synergists - Biceps & brachialis

● Prime mover - brachialis

39
Q

● _
○ length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process.

● _
○ amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes.

● _
○ muscle shortening

● _
○ muscle lengthening

● _
○ same rate of movement

A

● Isometric

● Isotonic

● Concentric

● Eccentric

● Isokinetic

40
Q

○ fasciculi arranged in a circle

  • orbicularis oris
A

● Circular

41
Q

○ fascicles that arrive at one common tendon from a wide area, creating muscles that are triangular in shape

  • pectoralis
A

● Convergent

42
Q

○ fasciculi are organized parallel to the long
axis of the muscle, but they terminate on a flat tendon that spans the width of the entire muscle.

  • abdominal muscles
A

● Parallel

43
Q

○ barbs on a feather from a common
tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle

Unipennate -
Bipennate -
Multipennate

A

● Pennate

Unipennate - digital extensor
Bipennate - rectus femoris
Multipennate - deltoideus

44
Q

○ fibers run the length of the entire muscle and taper at each end to terminate at tendons, creating a wider belly than the ends

  • biceps brachii
A

● Fusiform

human anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions