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human anatomy > m1: intro > Flashcards

m1: intro Flashcards

1
Q
  • Science of the Structure and Function of the Body
  • Investigates the shapes and size of the bones
A

Anatomy

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2
Q

-The study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body relating to the practice of medicine and other health sciences

  • More in-depth
A

CLINICAL ANATOMY

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3
Q
  • The study of a minimal amount of anatomy usually consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the anatomy
A

BASIC ANATOMY

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4
Q

Universally described as an erect standing position; upper limbs by the side, feet on the ground, palms facing front

FACING FORWARD:
Head
Body
Palms
Knees

A

ANATOMICAL POSITION

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5
Q

XY Plane

A

FRONTAL PLANE

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6
Q

Divides the body into front and back parts

A

FRONTAL PLANE

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7
Q

Z axis

A

FRONTAL PLANE

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8
Q

Which type of plane

Abduction
Adduction
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Lateral flexion

A

FRONTAL PLANE

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9
Q

Median sagittal plane
YZ Plane

A

Sagittal Plane

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10
Q

Divides the body into
right and left sides.

A

Sagittal Plane

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11
Q

X axis

A

Sagittal Plane

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12
Q

Which type of plane

Flexion
Extension

A

Sagittal Plane

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13
Q

Horizontal plane
XZ Plane

A

Transverse Plane

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14
Q

Divides the body into
upper and lower parts.

A

Transverse Plane

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15
Q

Y axis

A

Transverse Plane

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16
Q

Which type of plane

Internal rotation
External rotation
Pronation
Supination
Protraction
Retraction

A

Transverse Plane

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17
Q

Toward the body’s right side

A

Right

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18
Q

Toward the body’s left side

A

Left

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19
Q

Down

A

Inferior

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20
Q

Up

A

Superior

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21
Q

Toward the front of the body

A

Anterior or ventral

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22
Q

Toward the back of the body

A

Posterior or dorsal

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23
Q

Closer to a point of attachment

A

Proximal

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24
Q

Farther from a point of attachment

A

Distal

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25
Q

Away from the midline of the body

A

Lateral

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26
Q

Toward the middle or midline of the body

A

Medial
+

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27
Q

Toward or on the surface

A

Superficial

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28
Q

Away from the surface, internal

A

Deep

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29
Q

The nose is _ to the forehead.

A

inferior

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30
Q

The mouth is _ to the chin.

A

superior

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31
Q

The teeth are _ to the throat.

A

anterior

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32
Q

The brain is _ to the eyes.

A

posterior

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33
Q

The spine is _ to the breastbone.

A

dorsal or anterior

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33
Q

The navel is _ to the spine.

A

ventral or posterior

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34
Q

Same side of the body.

A

Ipsilateral

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35
Q

Opposite side of the body.

A

Contralateral

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36
Q

Lying on the back

A

Supine

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37
Q

Lying face downward

A

Prone

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38
Q

I am lying on my back, I am in _ position.

A

SUPINE

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39
Q

My father had a stroke with the Left side of the brain but paralysis on the right side of the body. He has _ signs of symptoms

A

CONTRALATERAL

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40
Q

My foot is _ to my knee.

A

DISTAL

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41
Q

My hip is _ to my knee.

A

PROXIMAL

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42
Q

The ears are located _ to the eyes.

A

POSTERIOR

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43
Q

_ – bend
_ - straighten

A

FLEXION
EXTENSION

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44
Q

_ – foot towards plantar surface; foot down

_ – foot towards shin/leg; foot up

A

PLANTARFLEXION

DORSIFLEXION

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45
Q

_ – move away from midline
_ – move towards midline

A

ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION

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46
Q

_ _ – side bend

A

LATERAL FLEXION

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47
Q

_ – turn around

A

ROTATION

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48
Q

_ – palm down
_ – palm up

A

PRONATION
SUPINATION

49
Q

_ _ – turning toward midline/inward

_ _ – turning away from midline

A

MEDIAL/INTERNAL ROTATION

LATERAL/EXTERNAL ROTATION

50
Q

_ – combination in
sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction

A

CIRCUMDUCTION

51
Q

_ – move forward
_ – move backward

A

PROTRACTION
RETRACTION

52
Q

_ – big toe up
_ – big toe down

A

INVERSION
EVERSION

53
Q

Superficial part of the skin

_ _ whose cells become flatten as they mature and rise to the surface

_ is usually thick in the hands and feet of the human body BECAUSE these are the regions na lagi nating ginagamit

A

Epidermis

Stratified epithelium

Epidermis

54
Q

5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep):

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale
55
Q

The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum _.

A

corneum

56
Q

The stratum _ is normally only well seen in thick epidermis and represents a transition from the stratum granulosum to the stratum corneum.

A

lucidum

57
Q

The cells of the stratum _ accumulate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules. These granules play an important role in aggregation of keratin filaments and formation of the cell envelope of the cells in the stratum corneum. Lamellar granules contain polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and lipids which forms the “cement” that holds the stratum corneum together.

A

granulosum

58
Q

The stratum _ is the “prickly layer” between the stratum basale and the stratum granulosum. The keratinocytes in this layer are polyhedral in shape and have numerous, tiny, spiny projections spanning the intercellular space between contiguous cells. This layer is also home to the Langerhans’ cells.

A

spinosum

59
Q

The stratum _ provides the germinal cells or “stem cells” necessary for the regeneration of the layers of the epidermis.

A

basale

60
Q

Deeper part of the skin

Composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

Located under the epidermis
-Hair follicles
-Smooth muscle
-Glands
-Blood vessels
-Lymphatic vessels
-Nerves

A

Dermis

61
Q

The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia

Role is to connect the dermis and deep fascia

Yellowish

Covering of muscle

A

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA /SUBCUTENEOUS TISSUE

62
Q

Nail _: Proximal edge of the plate

A

Root

63
Q

Nail _: Surface of the skin covered by the nail

A

Bed

64
Q

Nail _: Surrounds the nail with over folding of the skin

A

Folds

65
Q

_: grows out of follicles which are invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis

A

HAIR

66
Q

Hair _: Body of the hair

A

Shaft

67
Q

Hair _: Root; expanded extremities of the follicles that penetrate the dermis

A

Bulb

68
Q

Firm, smooth, resilient Non-vascular (no blood supply) connective tissue

Less or No blood vessel

A

CARTILAGE

69
Q

FUNCTION
Allows growth of long bone
Forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces

LOCATION
Growing long bones
Costal cartilage of ribs

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

70
Q

FUNCTION
Slightly flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure
Connects structures subjected to great pressure

LOCATION
Intervertebral disks
Pubic symphysis (pelvic bone)
Articular disks (knees and TMJ)

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

71
Q

FUNCTION
Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage
Fibers can return to their original shape after being stretched

LOCATION
External ears
Epiglottis
Auditory tubes

A

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

72
Q

Nasal cartilages (nose)

Connects muscles to bones

Ex.: _ tendon – It is thick because the gastrocnemius muscle is also thick.
(common tendon)

A

Tendon

Achilles

73
Q

A cord or band of connective tissue that unites two structures

Oftentimes, bone to bone connections

Ex.:
Anterior Talo-Fibular Ligament (ATFL) – Ankle sprain
Anterior Cruciate ligament

2 TYPES OF LIGAMENT:
_ LIGAMENT: prevents excessive movements in a joint
_ LIGAMENT: return to original length after stretching.

A

LIGAMENT

  1. FIBROUS
  2. ELASTIC
74
Q

A thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue attached to flattened muscles

A

APONEUROSES

75
Q

Is an interdigitation of the tedious ends of fibers of flat muscles

A

RAPHE

76
Q

Fibrous band that holds a structure in place in the region of joints

A

RETINACULUM

77
Q

Fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body (Like balloon with water)

A

BURSA

78
Q

Is the tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon
- Tube-like bursa
- protection to protect the string from tearing

A

SYNOVIAL SHEATH

79
Q

Lies between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones

Muscle to muscle connections

A

FASCIA

80
Q

Produces the movements of the skeleton

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

81
Q

a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected

● Protective function
● Lever
● Storage
● Blood formation

A

BONES

82
Q

_ - Longer than they are wide
_ - Round or nearly cube-shaped
_ - Relatively thin, flattened shape and
usually curved
_ - Do not fit readily into other three
categories
_ - Patella

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

83
Q

BONE FEATURES
_ - Main Part
_ - Enlarged, often rounded end
_ - Constriction between head and
body
_ - Edge
_ - Bend
_ - Branch off the body beyond the
angle
_ - Smooth, rounded articular surface
_ - Small, flattened articular surface

A

BODY
HEAD
NECK
MARGIN, BORDER
ANGLE
RAMUS
CONDYLE
FACET

84
Q

RIDGES

_ - Low Ridge
_ - Prominent Ridge
_ - Very high Ridge

A

LINE, LINEA
CREST, CRIST
SPINE

85
Q

PROJECTIONS

_ - Prominent projection
_ - Small, rounded bump
_ - Knob; larger than a tubercle
_ - Tuberosity on the proximal femur
_ - Upon a condyle
_ - Flat, tongue-shaped process
_ - Hook-shaped process
_ - Horn-shaped process

A

PROCESS
TUBERCLE
TUBEROSITY, TUBER
TROCHANTER
EPICHONDYLE
LINGULA
HEMULUS
CORNU

86
Q

OPENINGS

_ - Hole
_ - Tunnel
_ - Cleft
_ - Cavity

A

FORAMEN
CANAL, MEATUS
FISSURE
SINUS, LABYRINTH

87
Q

DEPRESSIONS

_ - General term for a depression
_ - Depression in the margin of a bone
_ - Little pit
_ - Deep, narrow depression

A

FOSSA
NOTCH
FOVEA
GROOVE, ULCUS

88
Q

_ – most stationary, proximal
end
_ – distal end attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
_ – muscle part between origin and insertion

A

ORIGIN
INSERTION
BELLY

89
Q

Produces the movements of the skeleton

Location: Attached to Bone
Cell Shape: Long, cylindrical
Nucleus: Multiple, Peripheral
Special Features: ————————-
Striations: Yes
Autorhythmic: No
Control: Voluntary
Function: Move the whole body

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

90
Q

Location: Walls or hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands

Cell Shape: Spindle-shaped
Nucleus: Single, central
Special Features: Cell-to-cell attachments
Striations: No (since its smooth)
Autorhythmic: Yes
Control: Involuntary
Function: Compress organs, ducts, tubes, and so on

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

91
Q

Location: Heart

Cell Shape: Branched
Nucleus: Usually single, central
Special Features: Intercalated disks
Striations: Yes
Autorhythmic: Yes
Control: Involuntary
Function: Contracts heart to propel blood through the body

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

92
Q

Fiber Diameter: Smallest
Myoglobin content: High
Mitochondria: Many
Metabolism: High Aerobic capacity
Fatigue Resistance: High (tires easily)
Myosin Head Activity: Slow
Glycogen Concentration: Low
Functions: Maintenance of posture; endurance activity

A

SLOW-TWITCH (TYPE I)

93
Q

Fiber Diameter: Intermediate
Myoglobin content: High
Mitochondria: Many
Metabolism: High Aerobic Capacity; Intermediate Aerobic Capacity
Fatigue Resistance: Intermediate
(tires moderately)
Myosin Head Activity: Fast
Glycogen Concentration: High
Functions: Endurance activities in endurance-trained muscles (activities that needs oxygen)

A

FAST-TWITCH OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC (TYPE IIa)

94
Q

Fiber Diameter: Largest
Myoglobin content: Low
Mitochondria: Few
Metabolism: High Aerobic Capacity
Fatigue Resistance: Low (Tires slow)
Myosin Head Activity: Fast
Glycogen Concentration: High
Functions: Rapid, intense movement of short duration (sprinting, dead lift)

A

FAST-TWITCH GLYCOLYTIC (TYPE IIb)

95
Q

● A site where two or more bones come
together, whether or not movement occurs
between them

A

Joints

96
Q

STRUCTURE: Fibrous
PRIMARY FUNCTION: Stability, shock absorption, and force transmission
MOTION: Very slight
EXAMPLE: Tibiofibular Articulation

A

SYNARTHROSIS

97
Q

STRUCTURE: Cartilaginous
PRIMARY FUNCTION: Stability with specific and limited mobility
MOTION: Limited
EXAMPLE:
Pubic Symphysis
Intervertebral Joint
Sternocostal Joint

A

AMPHIARTHROSIS

98
Q

STRUCTURE: Synovial w/ ligaments
PRIMARY FUNCTION: Mobility
MOTION: Free according to degrees of freedom
EXAMPLE:
Shoulder Joint
Hip Joint

A

DIARTHROSIS

99
Q

The connection between the articulating surfaces of the bones
Little movement as possible especially for adults
Ex.: Sutures in the skull

A

FIBROUS JOINTS

100
Q

Joints found in the intervertebral discs

A

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

101
Q

The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity which permits a great degree of freedom of movement

A

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

102
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

A

PLANE
HINGE
PIVOT
CONDYLOID
ELLIPSOID
SADDLE
BALL AND SOCKET

103
Q

The apposed articular surfaces are flat; permits the bones to slide on one another

Ex.: sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

A

PLANE JOINT

104
Q

The design enables flexion and extension movements

Ex.: Elbow, knee, and ankle joints

A

HINGE JOINT

105
Q

A central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring

Rotation is the only possible movement

Ex.: Atlantoaxial and superior radioulnar joints

A

PIVOT JOINT

106
Q

Have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces

Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation

Ex.: metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) or knuckle joints

A

CONDYLOID JOINT

107
Q

An elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular surface

Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; rotation is impossible

Ex.: Wrist joint

A

ELLIPSOID JOINT

108
Q

Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave or convex and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back

Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation

Ex.: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

A

SADDLE JOINT

109
Q

Ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a socket-like concavity of another

Movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction

Ex.: Shoulder and hip joints

A

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

110
Q

BLOOD VESSELS
1.
2.
3.

A

Artery
Vessels
Capillary

111
Q

Transport blood AWAY from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body

Usually have oxygenated blood EXCEPT Pulmonary artery (transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs)

_ - smallest arteries (<0.01 in diameter)

A

ARTERY

Arterioles

112
Q

Transport blood towards the heart

Usually have deoxygenated blood EXCEPT Pulmonary veins (transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)

_ – small veins

A

VEINS

Venules

113
Q

Intersection of the arterioles and venules

Vessels that form networks that connect arterioles and venules

Smallest blood vessel

A

CAPILLARY

114
Q

Consists of:
● Lymphatic tissues - (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules)
● Lymphatic vessels
● Lymph

A

Lymphatic System

115
Q
  1. CNS
    a. Brain
    b. Spinal cord
  2. PNS
    a. 12 cranial nerves
    b. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
    i. 8 cervical
    ii. 12 thoracic
    iii. 5 lumbar
    iv. 5 sacral
    v. 1 coccygeal
    c. Associated ganglia
A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

116
Q

_ ROOT: consists of bundles of nerve fibers carrying nerve impulses away from the central nervous system (efferent fibers)

_ Fibers (Efferent) - efferent fibers that go to skeletal muscle and cause them to contract

A

ANTERIOR

Motor Fibers

117
Q

_ ROOT: consists of bundles of nerve fibers that carry impulses to the central nervous system (afferent fibers)

_ Fibers (Afferent) - concerned with conveying information about sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and vibration

A

POSTERIOR

Sensory Fibers

118
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

2 FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS:
1. _ Nervous System - controls voluntary activities; skeletal muscles
2. _ Nervous System - controls involuntary activities; smooth and cardiac muscles

A

Somatic

Autonomic

119
Q

_ Membrane
Lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body.

A

Mucous Membrane

120
Q

_ Membrane
● Line the cavities of the trunk and are reflected onto the mobile viscera lying within these cavities
● _ layer - lining the wall of cavity
● _ layer - covers the viscera

A

Serous Membrane

Parietal
Visceral

human anatomy (12 decks)

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