m1: intro Flashcards
- Science of the Structure and Function of the Body
- Investigates the shapes and size of the bones
Anatomy
-The study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body relating to the practice of medicine and other health sciences
- More in-depth
CLINICAL ANATOMY
- The study of a minimal amount of anatomy usually consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the anatomy
BASIC ANATOMY
Universally described as an erect standing position; upper limbs by the side, feet on the ground, palms facing front
FACING FORWARD:
Head
Body
Palms
Knees
ANATOMICAL POSITION
XY Plane
FRONTAL PLANE
Divides the body into front and back parts
FRONTAL PLANE
Z axis
FRONTAL PLANE
Which type of plane
Abduction
Adduction
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Lateral flexion
FRONTAL PLANE
Median sagittal plane
YZ Plane
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into
right and left sides.
Sagittal Plane
X axis
Sagittal Plane
Which type of plane
Flexion
Extension
Sagittal Plane
Horizontal plane
XZ Plane
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into
upper and lower parts.
Transverse Plane
Y axis
Transverse Plane
Which type of plane
Internal rotation
External rotation
Pronation
Supination
Protraction
Retraction
Transverse Plane
Toward the body’s right side
Right
Toward the body’s left side
Left
Down
Inferior
Up
Superior
Toward the front of the body
Anterior or ventral
Toward the back of the body
Posterior or dorsal
Closer to a point of attachment
Proximal
Farther from a point of attachment
Distal
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Toward the middle or midline of the body
Medial
+
Toward or on the surface
Superficial
Away from the surface, internal
Deep
The nose is _ to the forehead.
inferior
The mouth is _ to the chin.
superior
The teeth are _ to the throat.
anterior
The brain is _ to the eyes.
posterior
The spine is _ to the breastbone.
dorsal or anterior
The navel is _ to the spine.
ventral or posterior
Same side of the body.
Ipsilateral
Opposite side of the body.
Contralateral
Lying on the back
Supine
Lying face downward
Prone
I am lying on my back, I am in _ position.
SUPINE
My father had a stroke with the Left side of the brain but paralysis on the right side of the body. He has _ signs of symptoms
CONTRALATERAL
My foot is _ to my knee.
DISTAL
My hip is _ to my knee.
PROXIMAL
The ears are located _ to the eyes.
POSTERIOR
_ – bend
_ - straighten
FLEXION
EXTENSION
_ – foot towards plantar surface; foot down
_ – foot towards shin/leg; foot up
PLANTARFLEXION
DORSIFLEXION
_ – move away from midline
_ – move towards midline
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
_ _ – side bend
LATERAL FLEXION
_ – turn around
ROTATION
_ – palm down
_ – palm up
PRONATION
SUPINATION
_ _ – turning toward midline/inward
_ _ – turning away from midline
MEDIAL/INTERNAL ROTATION
LATERAL/EXTERNAL ROTATION
_ – combination in
sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction
CIRCUMDUCTION
_ – move forward
_ – move backward
PROTRACTION
RETRACTION
_ – big toe up
_ – big toe down
INVERSION
EVERSION
Superficial part of the skin
_ _ whose cells become flatten as they mature and rise to the surface
_ is usually thick in the hands and feet of the human body BECAUSE these are the regions na lagi nating ginagamit
Epidermis
Stratified epithelium
Epidermis
5 layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep):
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum _.
corneum
The stratum _ is normally only well seen in thick epidermis and represents a transition from the stratum granulosum to the stratum corneum.
lucidum
The cells of the stratum _ accumulate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules. These granules play an important role in aggregation of keratin filaments and formation of the cell envelope of the cells in the stratum corneum. Lamellar granules contain polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and lipids which forms the “cement” that holds the stratum corneum together.
granulosum
The stratum _ is the “prickly layer” between the stratum basale and the stratum granulosum. The keratinocytes in this layer are polyhedral in shape and have numerous, tiny, spiny projections spanning the intercellular space between contiguous cells. This layer is also home to the Langerhans’ cells.
spinosum
The stratum _ provides the germinal cells or “stem cells” necessary for the regeneration of the layers of the epidermis.
basale
Deeper part of the skin
Composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Located under the epidermis
-Hair follicles
-Smooth muscle
-Glands
-Blood vessels
-Lymphatic vessels
-Nerves
Dermis
The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia
Role is to connect the dermis and deep fascia
Yellowish
Covering of muscle
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA /SUBCUTENEOUS TISSUE
Nail _: Proximal edge of the plate
Root
Nail _: Surface of the skin covered by the nail
Bed
Nail _: Surrounds the nail with over folding of the skin
Folds
_: grows out of follicles which are invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis
HAIR
Hair _: Body of the hair
Shaft
Hair _: Root; expanded extremities of the follicles that penetrate the dermis
Bulb
Firm, smooth, resilient Non-vascular (no blood supply) connective tissue
Less or No blood vessel
CARTILAGE
FUNCTION
Allows growth of long bone
Forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces
LOCATION
Growing long bones
Costal cartilage of ribs
HYALINE CARTILAGE
FUNCTION
Slightly flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure
Connects structures subjected to great pressure
LOCATION
Intervertebral disks
Pubic symphysis (pelvic bone)
Articular disks (knees and TMJ)
FIBROCARTILAGE
FUNCTION
Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage
Fibers can return to their original shape after being stretched
LOCATION
External ears
Epiglottis
Auditory tubes
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Nasal cartilages (nose)
Connects muscles to bones
Ex.: _ tendon – It is thick because the gastrocnemius muscle is also thick.
(common tendon)
Tendon
Achilles
A cord or band of connective tissue that unites two structures
Oftentimes, bone to bone connections
Ex.:
Anterior Talo-Fibular Ligament (ATFL) – Ankle sprain
Anterior Cruciate ligament
2 TYPES OF LIGAMENT:
_ LIGAMENT: prevents excessive movements in a joint
_ LIGAMENT: return to original length after stretching.
LIGAMENT
- FIBROUS
- ELASTIC
A thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue attached to flattened muscles
APONEUROSES
Is an interdigitation of the tedious ends of fibers of flat muscles
RAPHE
Fibrous band that holds a structure in place in the region of joints
RETINACULUM
Fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body (Like balloon with water)
BURSA
Is the tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon
- Tube-like bursa
- protection to protect the string from tearing
SYNOVIAL SHEATH
Lies between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones
Muscle to muscle connections
FASCIA
Produces the movements of the skeleton
SKELETAL MUSCLE
a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected
● Protective function
● Lever
● Storage
● Blood formation
BONES
_ - Longer than they are wide
_ - Round or nearly cube-shaped
_ - Relatively thin, flattened shape and
usually curved
_ - Do not fit readily into other three
categories
_ - Patella
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
BONE FEATURES
_ - Main Part
_ - Enlarged, often rounded end
_ - Constriction between head and
body
_ - Edge
_ - Bend
_ - Branch off the body beyond the
angle
_ - Smooth, rounded articular surface
_ - Small, flattened articular surface
BODY
HEAD
NECK
MARGIN, BORDER
ANGLE
RAMUS
CONDYLE
FACET
RIDGES
_ - Low Ridge
_ - Prominent Ridge
_ - Very high Ridge
LINE, LINEA
CREST, CRIST
SPINE
PROJECTIONS
_ - Prominent projection
_ - Small, rounded bump
_ - Knob; larger than a tubercle
_ - Tuberosity on the proximal femur
_ - Upon a condyle
_ - Flat, tongue-shaped process
_ - Hook-shaped process
_ - Horn-shaped process
PROCESS
TUBERCLE
TUBEROSITY, TUBER
TROCHANTER
EPICHONDYLE
LINGULA
HEMULUS
CORNU
OPENINGS
_ - Hole
_ - Tunnel
_ - Cleft
_ - Cavity
FORAMEN
CANAL, MEATUS
FISSURE
SINUS, LABYRINTH
DEPRESSIONS
_ - General term for a depression
_ - Depression in the margin of a bone
_ - Little pit
_ - Deep, narrow depression
FOSSA
NOTCH
FOVEA
GROOVE, ULCUS
_ – most stationary, proximal
end
_ – distal end attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
_ – muscle part between origin and insertion
ORIGIN
INSERTION
BELLY
Produces the movements of the skeleton
Location: Attached to Bone
Cell Shape: Long, cylindrical
Nucleus: Multiple, Peripheral
Special Features: ————————-
Striations: Yes
Autorhythmic: No
Control: Voluntary
Function: Move the whole body
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Location: Walls or hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands
Cell Shape: Spindle-shaped
Nucleus: Single, central
Special Features: Cell-to-cell attachments
Striations: No (since its smooth)
Autorhythmic: Yes
Control: Involuntary
Function: Compress organs, ducts, tubes, and so on
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Location: Heart
Cell Shape: Branched
Nucleus: Usually single, central
Special Features: Intercalated disks
Striations: Yes
Autorhythmic: Yes
Control: Involuntary
Function: Contracts heart to propel blood through the body
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Fiber Diameter: Smallest
Myoglobin content: High
Mitochondria: Many
Metabolism: High Aerobic capacity
Fatigue Resistance: High (tires easily)
Myosin Head Activity: Slow
Glycogen Concentration: Low
Functions: Maintenance of posture; endurance activity
SLOW-TWITCH (TYPE I)
Fiber Diameter: Intermediate
Myoglobin content: High
Mitochondria: Many
Metabolism: High Aerobic Capacity; Intermediate Aerobic Capacity
Fatigue Resistance: Intermediate
(tires moderately)
Myosin Head Activity: Fast
Glycogen Concentration: High
Functions: Endurance activities in endurance-trained muscles (activities that needs oxygen)
FAST-TWITCH OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC (TYPE IIa)
Fiber Diameter: Largest
Myoglobin content: Low
Mitochondria: Few
Metabolism: High Aerobic Capacity
Fatigue Resistance: Low (Tires slow)
Myosin Head Activity: Fast
Glycogen Concentration: High
Functions: Rapid, intense movement of short duration (sprinting, dead lift)
FAST-TWITCH GLYCOLYTIC (TYPE IIb)
● A site where two or more bones come
together, whether or not movement occurs
between them
Joints
STRUCTURE: Fibrous
PRIMARY FUNCTION: Stability, shock absorption, and force transmission
MOTION: Very slight
EXAMPLE: Tibiofibular Articulation
SYNARTHROSIS
STRUCTURE: Cartilaginous
PRIMARY FUNCTION: Stability with specific and limited mobility
MOTION: Limited
EXAMPLE:
Pubic Symphysis
Intervertebral Joint
Sternocostal Joint
AMPHIARTHROSIS
STRUCTURE: Synovial w/ ligaments
PRIMARY FUNCTION: Mobility
MOTION: Free according to degrees of freedom
EXAMPLE:
Shoulder Joint
Hip Joint
DIARTHROSIS
The connection between the articulating surfaces of the bones
Little movement as possible especially for adults
Ex.: Sutures in the skull
FIBROUS JOINTS
Joints found in the intervertebral discs
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity which permits a great degree of freedom of movement
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
PLANE
HINGE
PIVOT
CONDYLOID
ELLIPSOID
SADDLE
BALL AND SOCKET
The apposed articular surfaces are flat; permits the bones to slide on one another
Ex.: sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint
PLANE JOINT
The design enables flexion and extension movements
Ex.: Elbow, knee, and ankle joints
HINGE JOINT
A central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring
Rotation is the only possible movement
Ex.: Atlantoaxial and superior radioulnar joints
PIVOT JOINT
Have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces
Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
Ex.: metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) or knuckle joints
CONDYLOID JOINT
An elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular surface
Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; rotation is impossible
Ex.: Wrist joint
ELLIPSOID JOINT
Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave or convex and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back
Movements possible are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
Ex.: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
SADDLE JOINT
Ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a socket-like concavity of another
Movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction
Ex.: Shoulder and hip joints
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
BLOOD VESSELS
1.
2.
3.
Artery
Vessels
Capillary
Transport blood AWAY from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body
Usually have oxygenated blood EXCEPT Pulmonary artery (transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
_ - smallest arteries (<0.01 in diameter)
ARTERY
Arterioles
Transport blood towards the heart
Usually have deoxygenated blood EXCEPT Pulmonary veins (transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)
_ – small veins
VEINS
Venules
Intersection of the arterioles and venules
Vessels that form networks that connect arterioles and venules
Smallest blood vessel
CAPILLARY
Consists of:
● Lymphatic tissues - (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules)
● Lymphatic vessels
● Lymph
Lymphatic System
- CNS
a. Brain
b. Spinal cord - PNS
a. 12 cranial nerves
b. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
i. 8 cervical
ii. 12 thoracic
iii. 5 lumbar
iv. 5 sacral
v. 1 coccygeal
c. Associated ganglia
NERVOUS SYSTEM
_ ROOT: consists of bundles of nerve fibers carrying nerve impulses away from the central nervous system (efferent fibers)
_ Fibers (Efferent) - efferent fibers that go to skeletal muscle and cause them to contract
ANTERIOR
Motor Fibers
_ ROOT: consists of bundles of nerve fibers that carry impulses to the central nervous system (afferent fibers)
_ Fibers (Afferent) - concerned with conveying information about sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and vibration
POSTERIOR
Sensory Fibers
NERVOUS SYSTEM
2 FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS:
1. _ Nervous System - controls voluntary activities; skeletal muscles
2. _ Nervous System - controls involuntary activities; smooth and cardiac muscles
Somatic
Autonomic
_ Membrane
Lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body.
Mucous Membrane
_ Membrane
● Line the cavities of the trunk and are reflected onto the mobile viscera lying within these cavities
● _ layer - lining the wall of cavity
● _ layer - covers the viscera
Serous Membrane
Parietal
Visceral
