M2: Gender Issues and Implications Flashcards
Gender Contribution to Income Inequality
- Labor Force Participation Gap
- Wage Gap
- Unequal access to basic services
In __________, the estimated year to achieve the SDGs, in 2017, was _____.
Asia and the Pacific ; 2052
By 2021, the estimated year had increased to ______.
2065
TRUE or FALSE
Attaining significant progress in reducing inequality necessitates closing the gender gap.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Despite some progress in the proportion of leadership and decision-making roles held by women, there is still a wide gender gap in access to employment and education.
TRUE
Indicators show insufficient progress to meet the target by ______.
2030
Goal 5
Gender Equality
TRUE or FALSE
Snapshot of SDG progress in Southeast Asia, 2021. There has been little progress in the area of gender equality (Goal 5).
TRUE
____% of women still earn less than their partners
58
Women with children are worse off and in 2019, maternity cash benefits reached only ____% of women
33
_____% of parliament seats are occupied by women.
20
Women make up ____% of senior managers in the private sector.
24
_________ has increased the unpaid domestic and care work burden.
COVID-19
____% of women noted increases in the intensity of domestic work since the spread of the virus, compared to only ____% of men
30 ; 16
Men are _____ times as likely as women to be employed.
11.5
_____% of young women are outside of education and employment, compared to ____% of young men.
24 ; 13
____________ have made substantial strides towards reducing gender inequalities, from reducing child marriage and maternal mortality, to enhancing women’s access to education and participation in decision-making.
ASEAN Member States
But income and location inequalities persist, with Gini coefficients ranging from _____ to _____.
0.44 to 0.31
________ living in poor households are lagging the furthest behind for almost all indicators analyzed
Rural women
This index covers three dimensions. Scores are between 0-1 and higher values indicate higher inequalities.
Gender Inequality Index, 2021
Gender Inequality Index covers three dimensions:
- reproductive health
- empowerment
- economic status
___________ in the Philippines are facing distinct challenges to their safety and well-being during COVID-19, such as:
Women and girls
- access to healthcare services
- gender-based violence
- other human rights violations
- economic insecurity
________ is creating additional economic and social pressures, such as loss of livelihood and food insecurity, which in turn is increasing the vulnerability of women and girls as those pressures potentially trigger violence.
COVID-19
TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
In the formal sector, many Filipino women are employed in the service industry, including retail, hospitality and tourism.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
The services and retail industry were among the first sectors impacted by COVID-19, resulting in partial to full business shutdowns.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
Women are overrepresented in the informal economy.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
Filipino women in the informal sector have a lower earning capacity, resulting in reduced savings and safety nets.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
Prevailing socio-cultural norms in the Philippines mean that women undertake the majority of unpaid care work.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
The lack of recognition of unpaid care work extends to the undervaluation of paid care work.
TRUE
As women are over-represented and even concentrated in low paying jobs, it is particularly important for the minimum floor wages to set a decent standard in relation both to living costs and to median wages.
Raising The Wage Floor
Only 43 percent of countries have laws that require equal pay for work of equal value, and even then, equal pay legislation mainly applies to within company comparisons. There need to be more scope within equal pay law for comparing pay across organizations and sectors.
Improving the Valuation of Women’s Work
More opportunities for progression within occupations or workplaces where women predominate should be created.
Improving access to employment and advancement
Support must be given to women pursuing flexible or non-linear careers (e.g. maternity and parental leave)
Improving access to employment and advancement
Early education and childcare can increase the labor force participation of women — and reduce gender pay gaps— by alleviating the unpaid care work undertaken by mothers
Early Education and Child Care
Development of policies that promote smooth transition from employment to entrepreneurship, or that reduce the cost of formal employment like taxes and strengthening enforcement mechanism.
Promote prosperous entrepreneurship and curb informal employment
Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality:
NARROWING THE GENDER PAY GAP
- Raising The Wage Floor
- Improving the Valuation of Women’s Work
- Improving access to employment and advancement
- Early Education and Child Care
- Promote prosperous entrepreneurship and curb informal employment
