M2: Gender Issues and Implications

Question 1

Gender Contribution to Income Inequality

Answer 1

1. Labor Force Participation Gap
2. Wage Gap
3. Unequal access to basic services

Question 2

In __________, the estimated year to achieve the SDGs, in 2017, was _____.

Answer 2

Asia and the Pacific ; 2052

Question 3

By 2021, the estimated year had increased to ______.

Answer 3

2065

Question 4

TRUE or FALSE
Attaining significant progress in reducing inequality necessitates closing the gender gap.

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

TRUE or FALSE
Despite some progress in the proportion of leadership and decision-making roles held by women, there is still a wide gender gap in access to employment and education.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Indicators show insufficient progress to meet the target by ______.

Answer 6

2030

Question 7

Goal 5

Answer 7

Gender Equality

Question 8

TRUE or FALSE
Snapshot of SDG progress in Southeast Asia, 2021. There has been little progress in the area of gender equality (Goal 5).

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

____% of women still earn less than their partners

Answer 9

58

Question 10

Women with children are worse off and in 2019, maternity cash benefits reached only ____% of women

Answer 10

33

Question 11

_____% of parliament seats are occupied by women.

Answer 11

20

Question 12

Women make up ____% of senior managers in the private sector.

Answer 12

24

Question 13

_________ has increased the unpaid domestic and care work burden.

Answer 13

COVID-19

Question 14

____% of women noted increases in the intensity of domestic work since the spread of the virus, compared to only ____% of men

Answer 14

30 ; 16

Question 15

Men are _____ times as likely as women to be employed.

Answer 15

11.5

Question 16

_____% of young women are outside of education and employment, compared to ____% of young men.

Answer 16

24 ; 13

Question 17

____________ have made substantial strides towards reducing gender inequalities, from reducing child marriage and maternal mortality, to enhancing women’s access to education and participation in decision-making.

Answer 17

ASEAN Member States

Question 18

But income and location inequalities persist, with Gini coefficients ranging from _____ to _____.

Answer 18

0.44 to 0.31

Question 19

________ living in poor households are lagging the furthest behind for almost all indicators analyzed

Answer 19

Rural women

Question 20

This index covers three dimensions. Scores are between 0-1 and higher values indicate higher inequalities.

Answer 20

Gender Inequality Index, 2021

Question 21

Gender Inequality Index covers three dimensions:

Answer 21

1. reproductive health
2. empowerment
3. economic status

Question 22

___________ in the Philippines are facing distinct challenges to their safety and well-being during COVID-19, such as:

Answer 22

Women and girls

1. access to healthcare services
2. gender-based violence
3. other human rights violations
4. economic insecurity

Question 23

________ is creating additional economic and social pressures, such as loss of livelihood and food insecurity, which in turn is increasing the vulnerability of women and girls as those pressures potentially trigger violence.

Answer 23

COVID-19

Question 24

TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
In the formal sector, many Filipino women are employed in the service industry, including retail, hospitality and tourism.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
The services and retail industry were among the first sectors impacted by COVID-19, resulting in partial to full business shutdowns.

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
Women are overrepresented in the informal economy.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
Filipino women in the informal sector have a lower earning capacity, resulting in reduced savings and safety nets.

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
Prevailing socio-cultural norms in the Philippines mean that women undertake the majority of unpaid care work.

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

TRUE or FALSE
Economic Impacts on Women:
The lack of recognition of unpaid care work extends to the undervaluation of paid care work.

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

As women are over-represented and even concentrated in low paying jobs, it is particularly important for the minimum floor wages to set a decent standard in relation both to living costs and to median wages.

Answer 30

Raising The Wage Floor

Question 31

Only 43 percent of countries have laws that require equal pay for work of equal value, and even then, equal pay legislation mainly applies to within company comparisons. There need to be more scope within equal pay law for comparing pay across organizations and sectors.

Answer 31

Improving the Valuation of Women’s Work

Question 32

More opportunities for progression within occupations or workplaces where women predominate should be created.

Answer 32

Improving access to employment and advancement

Question 33

Support must be given to women pursuing flexible or non-linear careers (e.g. maternity and parental leave)

Answer 33

Improving access to employment and advancement

Question 34

Early education and childcare can increase the labor force participation of women — and reduce gender pay gaps— by alleviating the unpaid care work undertaken by mothers

Answer 34

Early Education and Child Care

Question 35

Development of policies that promote smooth transition from employment to entrepreneurship, or that reduce the cost of formal employment like taxes and strengthening enforcement mechanism.

Answer 35

Promote prosperous entrepreneurship and curb informal employment

Question 36

Accelerating Progress in Gender Equality:
NARROWING THE GENDER PAY GAP

Answer 36

1. Raising The Wage Floor
2. Improving the Valuation of Women’s Work
3. Improving access to employment and advancement
4. Early Education and Child Care
5. Promote prosperous entrepreneurship and curb informal employment