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M104 T1 > M104 T1 L3 > Flashcards

M104 T1 L3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A

rU, rL, lU, lL

right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant

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2
Q

What are the quadrants in the first / upper row of the nine different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A

right hypochondriac region
epigastric region
left hypochondriac region

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3
Q

What are the four different quadrants used for?

A

to identify where pain is bc it is more general and hard to pinpoint, so using 9 quadrants wouldn’t be more useful

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4
Q

When are the nine different quadrants used?

A

when being specific

when looking at the organs in a particular area

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5
Q

What are the quadrants in the second / middle row of the nine different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A

right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumbar region

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6
Q

What are the quadrants in the third / lower row of the nine different quadrants the abdomen is split into?

A 
right inguinal (iliac) region
hypogastric (pubic) region
left inguinal (iliac) region
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7
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

it goes through the pylorus

it is around the level of L1

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8
Q

What are the contents of the right upper quadrant?

A 
Right lobe of liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Head of Pancreas
Hepatic flexure of colon
Part of the ascending colon
Part of the transverse colon
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9
Q

What are the contents of the right lower quadrant?

A

Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Small intestine

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10
Q

What are the contents of the left upper quadrant?

A 
Stomach
Spleen
Left lobe of liver
Body of pancreas
Splenic flexure of colon
Part of the transverse colon
Part of the descending colon
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11
Q

What are the contents of the left lower quadrant?

A

Small intestine
Descending colon
Sigmoid Colon

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12
Q

What are the processes of the digestive system?

A 
Ingestion 
Secretion of digestive fluids
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion 
Absorption
Defecation
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13
Q

What are the muscles in the outer layers of the intestine?

A

circular muscle

longitudinal muscle

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14
Q

What does circular muscle fibres allow for and how?

A

the circular muscle fibres contract inwards

so that the lumen constricts

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15
Q

What does longitudinal muscle fibres allow for and how?

A

the fibres runn in a longitudinal direction

this allows for that peristaltic movement

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16
Q

How does the circular muscle fibres work in conjunction with the longitudinal muscle fibres?

A

circular - makes the lumen would get smaller
longitudinal - moves the ingested material along
allows the propulsion of the material through the alimentary tract

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17
Q

What types of mucosal tissues is there?

A

sub mucosa

muscularis mucosa

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18
Q

What are the three main layers of the alimentary tract going inwards?

A

serous
muscular
mucosal

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19
Q

What is the function of the serous membrane?

A

to reduce friction so that damage to the tissues and the muscular layers is minimised

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20
Q

How does the serous layer reduce friction?

A

it secretes a lubricating fluid

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

A 
outer epithelial layer (secretory) 
inner layer (connective tissue with vessels)
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22
Q

What is the function of the mucosal membrane?

A

lines internal organs / cavities exposed to external environment
secretes mucus
involved in absorption

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23
Q

What are the divisions of the GI tract?

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
caecum
Large intestine (colon)
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24
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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25
Q

What are the three divisions of the SI?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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26
Q

What are the three divisions of the colon?

A

ascending
transverse
descending

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27
Q

What structures are in the oral cavity or pharynx that help with digestion?

A

Teeth
Palate
Tongue
Salivary glands

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28
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

mixing
taste
swallowing

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29
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A

directs food to oesophagus

blocks entry to trachea

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30
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A

it blocks nasal cavity during swallowing

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31
Q

How long is the oesophagus in cm?

A

25cm

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32
Q

At what intervetebral level is the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?

A

around T10

33
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

between the oesophagus and the SI

lies under the diaphragm and under the heart

34
Q

What is the shape / topography of the stomach?

A

J-shaped

35
Q

What are the two openings of the stomach?

A

cardiac orifice

pyloric orifice

36
Q

How does the stomach participate in digestion?

A

mechanical digestion - uses muscle

chemical digestion - uses gastric juices

37
Q

Why does stomach rumbling occur?

A

the stomach muscles are contracting and trying to move around the contents but there aren’t any

38
Q

What are the two types of omenta?

A

lesser

greater

39
Q

What are the three layered muscles of the stomach?

A

longitudinal
oblique
circular

40
Q

How long is the SI in length?

A

5 metres

41
Q

Why is the SI so long?

A

to allow more time for the digestion and absorption

42
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

about 20-25 cm long

43
Q

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum

44
Q

What is the shape / topography of the duodenum?

A

C shaped

45
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A

superior
descending
horizontal
ascending

46
Q

Which ducts empty out into the duodenum?

A

pancreatic duct - pancreatic juices

gall bladder duct - bile

47
Q

Where does the duodenum end?

A

the duodenal – jejunal flexure

48
Q

Why do the jejunum and ileum get treated as one part?

A

bc it’s almost impossible to find the transition from one to the other

49
Q

How long is the jejunum?

A

at least 3m long

50
Q

Where is the jejunum measured from?

A

from the duodenal - jejunal flexure

to the ileocaecal junction

51
Q

How do the projections on the jejunum help them with motility?

A

bc one attached and one free edges

bc they’re only attached at one end so they can move about so they don’t get damaged

52
Q

From where does the LI span to?

A

end ileum to anus

53
Q

How long is the LI?

A

1.5 m length; greater cross section compared to small

54
Q

What are the four parts of the LI from RHS to LHS?

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

55
Q

Where are the ascending and descending parts of the LI located?

A

secondarily retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum

56
Q

What is the function fo the LI

A

absorption of water
forms faeces
expelling faceces

57
Q

How did the ascending and descending parts of the LI become secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

they started off intraperitoneal
there were lots of the rotations and the movements in the gut
this causes them to posteriorly sit in the position that they will eventually exist in (on the flank of the body)
the rotations cause their peritoneum to obliterate when it comes into contact with the posterior wall

58
Q

What is the role of sphincter muscles?

A

decide when substances should and shouldn’t exit through the digestive tract

59
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

the midgut

60
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A 
Jejunal arteries
ileal branches arteries
Middle colic arteries
Right colic arteries
Ileocaecal arteries
61
Q

What does the Ileocaecal artery supply?

A

the ilium/caecum structure

62
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

the distal third of the transverse colon

63
Q

What are the three branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal

64
Q

Where are the superior and inferior mesenteric nodes located?

A

sup - towards the superior mesenteric artery branch

inf - towards the inferior mesenteric artery branch

65
Q

What is the role of the mesenteric nodes?

A

drain the instestines of lymph
lymph travels through
lymph is constantly being checked for pathogens

66
Q

Is somatic or autonomic innervation in charge of regulating the digestive tract?

A

somatic - don’t have conscious control over it

67
Q

What is the effect of para and sympathetic activity on the rate of digestion?

A

para - increases rate; typically stimulates digestive activities (rest and digest)
sympa - decreases rate; inhibits GI secretion and motor activity, instead - GI sphincter and blood vessel contraction

68
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the sympathetic autonomic innervation of the digestive tract?

A

prevertebral - splanchnic nerves

paravertebral - sympathetic trunk and ganglia

69
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the parasympatic autonomic innervation of the digestive tract?

A 
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)
70
Q

Which glands are associated with the gut?

A

Liver
Spleen
Gall bladder
Pancreas

71
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

processing ingested material

removing any toxins contained in processed material

72
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

on the left superior side of the stomach

73
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

under the liver

74
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

posterior to the stomach

75
Q

What are the teeth made up of?

A

four different types of tissue

76
Q

What are the four different types of tissue that make up the teeth? (DECP)

A

dentin, enamel, cementum, pulp

77
Q

What structures are contained in the pulp of the teeth?

A

connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

78
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

M104 T1 (15 decks)

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