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M104 T1 > M104 T1 L2 > Flashcards

M104 T1 L2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which the three layers start to develop in the gastrula in embryology?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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2
Q

What part of the digestive tract does the ectoderm develop into in embryogenesis?

A

epithelium at extremities of tract (cranial and caudal)

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3
Q

What part of the digestive tract does the mesoderm develop into in embryogenesis?

A

muscular layers

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4
Q

What part of the digestive tract does the endoderm develop into in embryogenesis?

A

majority of gut, including most of epithelium and glands of digestive tract

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5
Q

What are examples of areas where epithelium is present?

A

skin

the lining of the alimentary tract

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6
Q

What are the cranial and caudal ends of the body that are lined by the epithelium?

A

cranial - the oral cavity

caudal - the anal canal

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7
Q

How does the primitive gut develop?

A

the gastrula folds twice

at 4 weeks, the cranial and caudal ends are still closed by two membranes

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8
Q

How does the gastrula fold when forming the primitive gut?

A

first, it folds in a cranial-caudal (head to tail)

it then folds laterally (side to side)

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9
Q

What are the membranes that keep the ends of the gastrula shut at 4wks?

A

Bucco-pharyngeal (cranially)

Cloacal (caudally)

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10
Q

What are the three divisions of the digestive tract?

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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11
Q

What structures are contained in the foregut?

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Proximal half Duodenum
Liver
Pancreas
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12
Q

What structures are contained in the midgut?

A 
Distal half duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending & ¾ Transverse Colon
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13
Q

What structures are contained in the hindgut?

A

¼ Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
rectum

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14
Q

What structure is the primitive gut held in position by?

A

mesenteries (a structure of mesodermal origin)

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15
Q

How does the mesentery hold the digestive tract of the primitive gut in position?

A

it anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall

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16
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

parietal (superficial)

visceral (deep)

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17
Q

What is in between the parietal and visceral peritoneums?

A

peritoneal cavity

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18
Q

What will the peritoneal cavity eventually contain?

A

peritoneal fluid

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19
Q

What are the roles of the mesentry?

A

to suspend and support the instestines

works as a pathway for all of the vessels that are going to supply the alimentary track

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20
Q

Why does gut rotation occur?

A

unclear cause

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21
Q

In what ways does gut rotation occur?

A

by constriction of the duodenum

by midgut volvulus

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22
Q

What are the effects of midgut volvulus on the gut?

A

ischaemia
necrosis
possibly death

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23
Q

What are the common symptoms of midgut volvulus?

A

Vomiting
Pain
Abdominal distention

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24
Q

Why does midgut volvulus cause necrosis and or ischaemia in the gut?

A

the gut is being twisted off from any blood supply, so the tissue dies

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25
Q

What causes vomiting in midgut volvulus?

A

because the gut has been twisted off, the passage is obstructed
so food coming one way has to go back the way it came

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26
Q

What causes pain in midgut volvulus?

A

the nerves travelling through these mesenteries are being constricted which causes pain

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27
Q

Which structures does the dorsal mesentry give rise to?

A

Gastrosplenic ligament
Lienorenal ligament
Greater omentum
Mesentery of SI & LI

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28
Q

Where does the ventral mesentery degenerate?

A

in the lower portions from the midgut and areas following on

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29
Q

Where does the ventral mesentery persist after development?

A

in the foregut

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30
Q

What structures does the ventral mesentery in the foregut develop into?

A

Ligaments around the liver
Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum

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31
Q

What is the abdominal wall made out of?

A

anteriorly - external abdominal muscle

posteriorly - lumbar vertical column

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32
Q

What muscles make up the three layers that make up the sides of the abdominal wall?

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominus muscle

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33
Q

What direction does the external oblique muscle run in?

A

antero inferiorly

hands in coat pockets

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34
Q

What location in surface anatomy does the external oblique muscle start from?

A

they begin from the outer surface of your lower 8 ribs and then move

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35
Q

Where does the external oblique muscle extend down to?

A

linea alba
iliac crest
pubic tubercle

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36
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament attach to?

A

the pubic tubercle

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37
Q

What is the difference between the shape of most tendons and that of the oblique aponeurosis?

A

tendons - look like a bundle of fibres

apo - flat sheet spanning a wide area

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38
Q

What is the similarity between most tendons and that of the oblique aponeurosis?

A

have the same function - to attach the muscle to another surface

39
Q

What are the two origin points of the internal oblique muscle?

A

the lateral third of the inguinal ligament

the anterior two thirds of the iliac crest

40
Q

What are the three insertion points of the internal oblique muscle?

A

linea alba
costal margin
crest of pubic bone

41
Q

What direction does the internal oblique muscle run in?

A

antero superiorly

42
Q

What are the three inferior borders of the transversus abdominis muscle?

A

the lateral third of the inguinal ligament
the interior surface of the lower 6 ribs
the iliac crest

43
Q

Where does the transversus abdominis extend down to?

A

linea alba

crest of pubic bone

44
Q

What direction does the transversus abdominis run in?

A

transverse direction - horizontally

45
Q

What does Rectus abdominis literally mean?

A

a straight abdominal muscle

46
Q

What location does the Rectus abdominis start from?

A

pubic symphysis

crest

47
Q

Where does the Rectus abdominis extend down to?

A

xyphoid process

the 5th-7th costal cartilages

48
Q

Where is the pubic symphysis located?

A

in between the portion where the two pubic bones meet

49
Q

Which arteries supply the anterior abdominal wall muscle?

A

superior & inferior epigastric arteries

intercostal & circumflex iliac arteries

50
Q

Which nerves innvervate the anterior abdominal wall muscle?

A

the thoracoabdominal nerves

51
Q

What is the function of the external oblique muscle?

A

torsional movement of the trunk

in collaboration with the internal oblique muscle

52
Q

Which vein drains the anterior abdominal wall muscle?

A

the thoracoepigastric vein

53
Q

Where is the thoracoepigastric vein located?

A

between the lateral thoracic and superior epigastric veins

54
Q

Which nerves innvervate the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

the thoracic nerves

the subcostal nerves

55
Q

What is the function of the internal oblique muscle?

A

to flex and rotate the trunk

to compress the viscera

56
Q

Why is the role of muscles in the anterior abdominal wall important physiologically?

A

they compress the viscera and increase intra abdominal pressure
this is very important in coughing and defaecation
every time these functions occur, the abdominal muscles are tensed

57
Q

How are the lesser and greater sacs formed?

A

AAR of organ rotation of all the viscera within the abdomen

58
Q

Where does the lesser sac sit?

A

behind the stomach

59
Q

What does the greater sac contain?

A

the rest of peritoneal cavity that isn’t contained by the lesser sac

60
Q

How do the greater and lesser sac communicate information between eachother?

A

via the epiploic foramen of Winslow

61
Q

What is the lesser omentum made up of?

A

projections of the visceral peritoneum extending from the liver down to the stomach

62
Q

What is the greater omentum made up of?

A

4 layers of peritoneum extending from the stomach down to the transverse colon

63
Q

How many layers of peritoneum is the lesser omentum made up of compared to that of the greater?

A

lesser - 2

greater - 4

64
Q

What does the inguinal canal serve as a passageway for?

A

the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
in males, the spermatic cord
in females, the round ligament (of the uterus)

65
Q

What is the role of the gubernaculum?

A

they contract to move the testes from where they develop in the abdomen down into the scrotum

66
Q

Which two structures start as the same structures then differentiate into one, depending on which sex the embryo or the foetus is?

A

the labia majora

the scrotum

67
Q

What are the two openings of the inguinal canal?

A

the superficial and deep inguinal rings

68
Q

What is the genital nerve a branch of?

A

the genitofemoral nerve

69
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve split up into?

A

the genital nerve

the femoral nerve

70
Q

How does the vasculature of males going through the inguinal canal compare to that of females?

A

males - considerably larger

71
Q

What are the two types of inguinal hernias?

A

direct - if any abdominal contents go straight through the deep ring or any other portion of the abdominal wall
indirect - if any abdominal contents go through the superficial ring

72
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

vas deferens
gonadal vessels
the cremaster muscle
nerves and lymphatics

73
Q

What structure does the spermatic cord pass through and how is this significant?

A

the abdominal wall

bc it takes a sleeve / covering from each of the abdominal walls’ three layers

74
Q

When might the cremaster muscle bring the testicles closer to the trunk of the body?

A

in cold weather

75
Q

What are the three layers of the abdominal wall?

A

transversalis fascia

internal & external oblique muscles

76
Q

What makes up the innermost covering of the spermatic cord?

A

the transversalis fascia

77
Q

What makes up the middle covering of the spermatic cord?

A

the internal oblique muscle passes through the spermatic cord
makes up the cremasteric fascia

78
Q

What makes up the outermost covering of the spermatic cord?

A

the external oblique muscle passes through the spermatic cord
makes up the external spermatic fascia

79
Q

What areas of the body are lined by epithelium?

A

oesophagus, digestive tract, stomach, duodenum

80
Q

What is the linea alba formed by?

A

the aponeurosis of the Obliqui and the aponeurosis of the Transversi

81
Q

What is the foramen of Winslow otherwise known as?

A

omental foramen

epiploic foramen

82
Q

What structure does the spermatic cord pass through the inguinal canal to access?

A

the scrotum

83
Q

What structure does the round ligament of the uterus pass through the inguinal canal to access?

A

the labia majora

84
Q

What is the range of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

extends from the xiphoid process and costal margins

to the pubic and iliac bones

85
Q

What is the difference between the superficial and superior epigastric arteries?

A

superficial - supplies the superficial tissue of the abdominal wall
superior - supply the muscles of the abdominal wall

86
Q

What are the boundary walls of the inguinal canal?

A

anterior, posterior, superior / roof, inferior / floor walls

87
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

the aponeurosis of the external oblique

88
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

transversalis fascia

89
Q

What is the superior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

90
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

the inguinal ligament thickened medially by the lacunar ligament

91
Q

What is the inguinal ligament made up of?

A

a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis

92
Q

What is the length of the lacunar ligament?

A

about 1.25 cm

93
Q

What is the relationship between the three layers of the abdominal wall and the spermatic cord?

A

each layer contributes to the coverings of the spermatic cord

M104 T1 (15 decks)

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