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NEBDN Dental Sedation > M10 Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

M10 Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

Which nerve are we most concerned with in dentistry?

A

5th cranial nerve - trigeminal

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3
Q

How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have? Name them.

A
  1. Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
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4
Q

Where does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve emerge from?

A

Foreman rotundum

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5
Q

Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve emerge form?

A

Foramen ovale

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6
Q

Name the 5 branches of the maxillary dental nerve

A

Anterior superior dental nerve
Middle superior dental nerve
Posterior superior dental nerve
Greater palatine nerve
Naso palatine nerve

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7
Q

Name the 4 branches of the mandibular nerve

A

Inferior dental nerve
Long buccal nerve
Mental nerve
Lingual nerve

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8
Q

Which nerve supplies the tongue?

A

Facial nerve (7th)
Glossopharyngeal (9th)
Hypoglossal nerve (12th)

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9
Q

How much blood does the average adult body contain?

A

5 litres / 8.8 pints

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10
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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11
Q

What are the red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

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12
Q

How much of the total volume of blood cells do erythrocytes make up?

A

99%

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13
Q

What is the life span of a circulating red blood cell?

A

120 days

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14
Q

What are the main functions of a red blood cell?

A

Coagulate, transport oxygen, transport waste (carbon dioxide and urea), assist with temperature control

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15
Q

How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry?

A

4

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16
Q

What are white blood cells called?

A

Leucocytes

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17
Q

What is the life span of leucocytes?

A

13 - 21 days

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18
Q

What are the main functions of white blood cells?

A

To fight infection. Increase in number when infection is present

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19
Q

What are palatelets also know as?

A

Thrombocytes

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20
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

8 - 10 days

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21
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

To assist with clotting

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22
Q

What does INR stand for?

A

International Normalised Ratio

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23
Q

What is plasma?

A

Stay coloured fluid which carries blood cells and other substances throughout the body

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24
Q

What is the dense muscle wall separating the chambers of the heart?

A

Interventricular septum

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25
What brings oxygenated blood to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
26
What are the top chambers of the heart called?
Atrium
27
What are the lower heart chambers called?
Ventricle
28
What takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart?
Pulmonary artery
29
What are the two valves on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve
30
What are the two valves called on the left side of the heart?
Mitral valve (bicuspid) Aortic valve
31
What is the transportation of blood to the lungs know as?
Pulmonary circulation
32
What is th transportation of oxygenated blood known as?
Systemic circulation
33
What is an average volume of blood for an adult?
5 - 6 litres
34
What is the sinoatrial valve?
Pacemaker of the heart
35
What is the function of the sinoatrial valve?
Initiates contraction impulses of both atrium
36
What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
Carries the impulses from the sinoatrial node via the Bundle of His to the ventricles
37
What is heart rate also know as?
Cardiac output
38
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
outer - Epicardium middle - Myocardium inner - Endocardium
39
What is the stroke volume?
The volume of blood ejected in one ventricular contraction. approx 70mls
40
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stroke volume
41
What is classed as tachycardia?
More than 100 beats per min
42
Where do impulses for normal heart rhythm start?
Sinoatrial node (SAN)
43
What are the effecting factors to heart rate?
Body temperature, medication, disease, nervous systemm, chemical messenger
44
What is bradycardia?
Defined as resting heart rate. Can be symptomatic if drops below 50bpm
45
What is the resting heart rate for a small child?
120 - 130 bpm
46
What is a Sphygmomanometer?
Blood pressure monitor
47
How do you calculate blood pressure?
Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
48
Systole is......
The reading taken when the blood pumps the blood into the aorta. Highest pressure
49
Diastole is......
The reading taken when the heart refills with blood. Lowest pressure
50
What is classed as hypertension?
Anything above 140/90
51
What factors can lead to hypertension?
Age, obesity, excess alcohol intake, genetics
52
What is blood pressure controlled by?
Heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral vascular resistance
53
What is classed as hypotension?
Systolic dropping below 90
54
How many areas of the body can the pulse be felt?
11
55
Which pulse would you find behind the ear?
Temporal
56
Which pulse would you find in the chin
Facial
57
Which pulse would you find in the trachea?
Carotid
58
What pulse would you find in the antecubital fossa?
Brachial
59
Which pulse would you find in the little finger side of the wrist?
Ulnar
60
Which pulse would you find in the thumb side of the wrist?
Radial
61
Which pulse would you find in the groin?
Femoral
62
Which pulse would you find in the knee region?
Popliteal
63
Which pulse would you find in the ankle region?
Posterior tibial
64
Which pulse would you find in the font of the foot?
Dorsalis
65
Which pulse would you find in the heart?
Apical
66
How much of the atmospheric air is oxygen?
20%
67
When we exhale, how much is oxygen?
16%
68
In the space of 1 minute, how many breaths would a healthy adult take?
12 - 18
69
What is the unit of gas exchange?
The acinus
70
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx
71
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
72
What are air passages lined with?
Columnar epithelium cells
73
What are the 3 phases of a respiration cycle?
Inspiration, expiration, pause before the next breath
74
What separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
75
What is inspiration?
An active process in which muscle contraction enlarges the ribcage
76
What is the main muscle of inspiration?
Diaphragm
77
What is expiration?
A passive process of elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall
78
What happens during internal respiration?
Gases in the blood exchange with those present in the tissue cells
79
What happens during external respiration?
Gases in the atmospheric air exchange with those present in the lungs
80
What is the name of the technique used to measure lung volumes?
Spirometry
81
What is residual volume?
The amount of air left in the lung after exhalation
82
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The additional amount of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation
83
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation
84
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing
85
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a respiration cycle
86
How much is tidal volume?
Approximately 0.5litres
87
What is inspiration capacity?
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration
88
What is functional residual capacity?
The amount of air that remains after normal expiration
89
What is the average vital capacity of an adult?
3 - 5 litres
90
What is the nose line with?
Cilia
91
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube approximately 5 inches long
92
What is the larynx also known as?
Adams apple
93
When food is swallowed what blocks the trachea?
Epiglottis
94
If a laryngeal blockage was to occur, what procedure would be carried out?
Criothyrotomy
95
How long is the trachea?
Approximately 12cms
96
What is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?
Allows the onesphagus to expand and contract during swallowing
97
What is at the base of the trachea?
Primary bronchi
98
Which lung is smaller?
Left lung
99
Pleura has how many layers?
2
100
How thick is the capillary membrane?
0.06mm wide
101
What is the oxygen dissociation curve?
A graph to measure partial pressure against oxygen saturation
102
What are the 4 muscles of mastication
Buccinator, lateral pyterygoid, medial pterygoid, temporalis
103
What 4 processes make up the 2 pyramidal shapes of the maxilla?
Zygomatic process, frontal process, alveolar process, palatine processW
104
hat are the 2 most common sites for venipuncture?
Dorsum of the hand, antecubital fossa
105
In the dorm of the hand, what are the veins known as?
Dorsal venous network
106
What veins drain into the dorsal venous network?
Cephalic and basilic veins
107
What are the 3 structures that must be avoided when using the antecubital fossa?
Bracial artery, median nerve, bicipital aponeurosis
108
Where is the basilic vein
Inner side of the arm
109
Where is the cephalic vein?
Outer side of the arm

NEBDN Dental Sedation (11 decks)

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