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3019PSY > M1, T1, intro to cog neuro > Flashcards

M1, T1, intro to cog neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive neuropsychology?

A
  • Examines variety of problems in carrying out everyday behaviours that is associated with brain injury or brain developmental problems
  • Aim is to study patients with brain damage -> to understand the mind -> understand other patients’ deficits -> rehabilitation/treatment programs
  • Cognitive Neuropsychology explains symptoms of brain injured patients relative to normal cognitive function
    eg. perception, memory, language, movement
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2
Q

Optic aphasia

A

inability to name visually presented objects with intact visual object recognition processes (patient can mime the use of objects)

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3
Q

Utilization Behaviour

A

Actions for use of objects intact but patient uses objects in an inappropriate context.
- Occurs because of poor task based control and actions are triggered by strong “use” of environmental cues

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4
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

study of mental processes/the mind

e.g. face and object recognition, speech, writing, planning

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5
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of how particular brain structures and processes mediate behaviour

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6
Q

Cognitive neuropsychology

A

combination of both cognitive psychology and neuropsychology with emphasis on understanding the mind

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7
Q

Developmental cognitive neuropsychology

A

study the development of normal cognitive function

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8
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

branch of neuroscience, study of the neural systems (brain) that carry out cognitive function

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9
Q

Cognitive neuropsychiatry

A

applications of cognitive neuropsychology methods to understand/explain disorders of higher-level cognition

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10
Q

Ultra or radical or orthodox cognitive neuropsychology

A
  • Assess patient’s performance and link to normal models of cognitive function
  • Emphasis on mind
  • Less concerned about neural correlates of patient performance or impairment
  • Focus on case study approach to studying patients
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11
Q

Functional or localization cognitive neuropsychology

A

Associations across large number of patients

Associations between task performance and lesion locations and how this links to cognition

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12
Q

Aims of cognitive neuropsychology

A
  • explains patterns of impaired and intact cognitive function in brain injured patients
  • link these patterns of damage to components of theory/models normal cognitive function
  • information from brain injured patients (impaired and intact processes) -> conclusions (theories and models) normal cognitive function
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13
Q

Challenges of cognitive neuropsychology

A
  • patient has to be willing to undertake significant research
  • patient has to remain stable across time
  • time consuming to complete proper case study research
  • brain damage in uncontrolled
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14
Q

Threats to the relevance of cognitive neuropsychology research

A
  • Incentive to use latest technique (e.g. imaging, TMS)
  • Focus on neural rather than cognitive processes
  • Reliance on big data (100s participants)
  • Neuroplasticity
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15
Q

Threats to the relevance of cognitive neuropsychology research - big data

A
  • Reliance on big data (100s participants)
  • Very very large data sets
  • Data analysed computationally to examine patterns, trends and associations
  • Useful to examine human behaviour
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16
Q

Methodological approaches of traditional neuropsychology

A
  • Group patients based on common co-occurrence of symptoms (syndromes)
  • Aim: determine location brain lesions
  • Not concerned with specific cognitive processes
  • Loss information individual patients
17
Q

Empirical approaches within cognitive neuropsychology

A
  • single case studies
  • case series studies
  • multiple case studies
  • neuropsychology
18
Q

Neuropsychology empirical approaches

A
  • focus on neural parameters
  • multiple patients
  • group averages
19
Q

Single case studies empirical approaches

A
  • single patient tested across multiple tasks
  • detailed study of patient
  • control participant(s)
  • may design treatment based on patient profile
20
Q

Case study series empirical approaches

A
  • single patient tested across multiple tasks
  • multiple patients
  • detailed study of patient
  • control participant(s)
  • may design and test efficacy of treatment based on patient profile
  • patient(s) study across time
21
Q

Multiple case studies empirical appraoches

A
  • single patient cases
  • related studies
  • concatenated
22
Q

Generalisability of patient case studies is achieved as -

A
  • Theoretically driven approach to patient assessment
  • Theory/model cognitive function must account for all patient cases within disorder
  • Theory/model must also explain normal cognitive function in same cognitive domain
  • Converging data sources to confirm/falsify theory/model
  • > cognitive psychology experiments
  • > cognitive neuropsychology patient data and
  • > computer/computational models of cognition
23
Q

Dual Route Cascade Model of Reading

A
  • normal adult reading
  • reading development
  • reading disorders - dyslexia
  • experiments normal adult readers and children learning to read
  • patient reading skills
  • computational modelling of normal adult readers and patients (dyslexias)
24
Q

Associations - inference from data to theory cog neuropsych

A
  • Look for pattern of impairments across tasks
  • Association of symptoms across patient’s performance on a number of tasks
  • Example: Patient KM performing (and failing)
  • > a word recognition task,
  • > a face recognition task and
  • > an object recognition task
  • do all tasks use same processor or processes?
25
Q

Interpreting associations of task performance

A
  • all 3 tasks use a common cognitive processes OR
  • no overlap between cognitive processes and discrete sets of cognitive processes are mediated by adjacent brain areas
  • for example, Gerstmann’s syndrome (damage to left parietal cortex)
  • > symptoms of acalculia, finger agnosia, right-left disorientation and dysgraphia
26
Q

Dissociations - inference from data to theory

A
  • Look for different patterns of performance across tasks
  • Determine impaired and intact cognitive functions
  • Patient KM performing word and face recognition tasks, only failing one
  • Tasks must tap separate Cognitive Processes
  • BUT what if differences due to task difficulty?
27
Q

Double dissociation - inference from data to theory

A
  • find two patients with opposite pattern of task performance
28
Q

Assumptions of cog neuropsych

A
  • fractionation assumption
  • modularity assumption
  • transparency or subtractivity
  • universality assumption
29
Q

Fractionation assumption

A

brain damage results in selective impairments of cog processing

Neurological Specificity of Isomorphism - correspondence between mind and brain (monism)

30
Q

Modularity assumption

A

cog processes operate via a series of independent modules (functional modules)

Neural processes operate via anatomical modules

31
Q

Transparency or subtractivity

A

analysis of pattern of intact and impaired performance -> type and function of impaired processes (module/s)

32
Q

Universality assumption

A

all cog architectures the same initially (uniformity of functional architecture)

33
Q

Module types

A

Functional modularity: mental processes = functional architecture, cog modules

Knowledge modules: independent of other bodies of knowledge

Processing modules: independent processor of information

Anatomical modularity: specific brain region

Neurochemical modularity: specific neurotransmitter

34
Q

Modularity hypothesis (MH)

A
  • double dissociation -> cog skills mediated by numerous semi-independent cog processes or systems
  • each process/system can be impaired separately
  • Mental life made possible by activity of multiple cognitive processors or modules
    e. g. reading, face recognition, speech, and decision making
  • Modules independent but inter-communicate
  • Modules -> diagrams of cognitive processes
35
Q

Criticisms of using diagrams to explain cognition

A
  • diagrams limited, e.g. single word vs syntax
  • lack specification internal workings modules
  • basis patient data -> post-hoc theories (falsifiable)
  • diagrams superimposed on left hemisphere
36
Q

Modularity of mind (Fodor)

A
  • information encapsulated: processing in module isolated from rest of system
  • domain specific: 1 type of input, e.g. visual or spoken word
  • mandatory module operation: automatic, e.g. recognition familiar persons
  • innate, is this always true?
  • fast operation
  • neural specificity
  • higher level processes not modular, e.g. reasoning, decision making

3019PSY (23 decks)

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