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PHARMACOLOGY > M1: Ch1 Pharma Intro > Flashcards

M1: Ch1 Pharma Intro Flashcards

0
Q

Important document with 700 types of drugs listed from Egypt

A

Ebers Papyrus

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1
Q

Scientific study of the origin, nature, effects & uses of drugs. Deals with how drugs interact w/in biological systems to affect function.

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Comprised 40 volumes describing several thousands of prescriptions by Emperor Nung

A

Pen Tsao (Great Herbal)

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3
Q

Ancient Hindu medical text describes 760 medical herbs

A

Susruta

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4
Q

Wrote Kitab Al Shifa which considered 760 drugs. Chief guide to the medical sciences.

A

Avicenna

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5
Q

Massive decline in number & quality of medical writings available.

A

Dark Ages

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6
Q

17th Century. Art of Medicine become scientific.

A

Age of Enlightenment

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7
Q

300 drugs are used by ancient people

A

Babylo-Assyrian Civilization

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8
Q

Precursor to Pharmacology. Science of drug preparation & the medical use of drugs.

A

Materia medica

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9
Q

Actions of drug on body. Determine the group in which the drug is classified. Play the major role in deciding whether that group is appropriate therapy for a particular symptom or disease.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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10
Q

Actions of body on drug. Govern absorption, distribution & elimination of drugs. Important in choice & administration of a particular drug for a particular patient.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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11
Q

Use of drugs for prevention and cure of diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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12
Q

The art & science of compounding & dispersing drugs or preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs in man & animals.

A

Pharmacy

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13
Q

Study of effect of drugs on population

A

Pharmacoepidimiology

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14
Q

Study of cost effectiveness of drug treatment

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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15
Q

Science of identification of drugs

A

Pharmacognosy

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16
Q

Study of relationship of the individuals genetic make up to his response to specific drugs

A

Pharmacogenomics

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17
Q

Concerned with effects of drugs upon MO & Parasites

A

Chemotherapy

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18
Q

Branch of Pharmacology that deals with undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.

A

Toxicology

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19
Q

Breeding animals in which the gene for the receptor or its endogenous ligand has been knocked out (mutated so that the gene product is absent or nonfunctional)

A

Knocked out mice

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20
Q

Science of substances used to prevent, diagnose & treat disease

A

Medical Pharmacology

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21
Q

Any substance that brings about change in biologic functions through its chemical actions. Substance which is used to modify or explore physiological/pathological states for the benefit of recipients. (WHO)

A

Drug

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22
Q

Drug molecule interacts as agonist or antagonist with a specific molecule that plays a regulatory role called a

A

Receptor

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23
Q

Drug may be synthesized within the body as

A

Hormones

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24
Q

Drug in which chemical is not synthesized in the body

A

Xenobiotics

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25
Q

Physical Nature of Drugs

A

Solid, Liquid & Gaseous

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26
Q

Examples of Physical Nature of Drugs in Solid form

A

Aspirin & Atropine

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27
Q

Examples of Physical Nature of Drugs in Liquid form

A

Nicotine & Ethanol

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28
Q

Example of Physical Nature of Drugs in Gaseous form

A

Nitrous Oxide

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29
Q

Most drugs have molecular weights between

A

100-1000

30
Q

Drug MW: is probably set by the specificity of action. Drug must be sufficiently unique in shape, charge & etc. to prevent its binding to other receptors (good fit to only one type of receptor)

A

Lower limit

31
Q

Drug MW: is determined primarily by a requirement that drug must be able to move within the body (site of administration to the site of action)

A

Upper limit

32
Q

Do not diffuse readily between compartments, therefore, must be administered directly.

A

Drugs >MW 1000

33
Q

A clot dissolving enzyme. Administered directly into vascular compartment by IV or intra-arterial infusion.

A

Alteplase

34
Q

Drug for pain

A

Morphine

35
Q

Drug for Malaria

A

Quinine

36
Q

Drug for heart dysrhythmias

A

Digoxin

37
Q

Drug for Pre eclampsia

A

Magnesium sulfate

38
Q

Drug for anemia

A

Magnesium trisicalate

39
Q

A thrombotic agent

A

Streptokinase

40
Q

A very strong bond and is irreversible under biologic conditions. Not readily broken.

A

Covalent bonds

41
Q

More common than covalent bonding in drug-receptor interactions. Weaker than covalent bonds.

A

Electrostatic bonds

42
Q

Relatively weak bond. Interactions of highly lipid-soluble drugs (cell membranes). Interaction of drugs with internal walls of receptor pockets.

A

Hydrophobic bonds

43
Q

Drugs that bind through weak bonds to their receptors are more _______ than drugs that bind by means of very strong bonds.

A

Selective

44
Q

Drug shape must permit binding to its receptor site via bonds

A

Complementary

45
Q

More than half of all useful drugs are chiral molecules (can exist as enantiomer pairs)

A

Phenomenom of Chirality (Stereoisomerism)

46
Q

Implies the ability to predict the appropriate molecular structure of a drug on the basis of information about its biologic receptor

A

Rational Drug Design

47
Q

Most drugs must bind to this to produce effect

A

Receptor

48
Q

Bind to & activate receptor to directly or indirectly bring about effect. Receptor activation involves a change in conformation.

A

Agonist drugs

49
Q

Compete with and prevent binding by other molecules by binding to a receptor

A

Antagonist drugs

50
Q

Drugs that bind to the same receptor molecule but do not prevent binding of the agonist are said to act _________ & may enhance or inhibit the action of agonist molecule.

A

Allosterically

51
Q

Is not overcome by increasing the dose of agonist

A

Allosteric Inhibition

52
Q

Receptor can exist in the inactive & nonfunctional form

A

Ri

53
Q

Receptor can exist in the activated form

A

Ra

54
Q

In the absence of any agonist, some of the receptor pool must exist in Ra form some of the time & produce the same physiologic effect as agonist-induced activity (thermodynamic considerations)

A

Constitutive activity

55
Q

Have a much higher affinity for Ra configuration & stabilize it

A

Agonists

56
Q

Drugs administered at concentrations sufficient to saturate the receptor pool (activate receptor-effector systems to the maximum of which it is capable) cause a shift of almost all receptor pool to the Ra-D pool.

A

Full agonists

57
Q

Bind to the same receptors & activate them but do not evoke a great response no matter how the high the concentration is. Significant fraction of receptors exists in Ri-D pool. Have low intrinsic efficacy.

A

Partial agonist

58
Q

Fixing the fractions of drug-bound Ri & Ra in the same relative amounts as in the absence of any drug. No change observed.

A

Conventional Antagonist Action

59
Q

A drug has a much stronger affinity for the Ri than for Ra state & stabilizes a large fraction in the Ri-D pool; reduces any constitutive activity resulting in effects that are opposite of the effects produced by conventional agonists at that receptor.

A

Inverse Agonists

60
Q

Presence of antagonist at the receptor site will block access of agonists to the receptor & prevent the usual agonist effect

A

Neutral Antagonism

61
Q

For preventing excessive activation when agonist molecules continue to be present for long periods

A

Desensitization mechanisms

62
Q

To avoid constant activation of receptor by binding of many different ligands

A

Selectivity

63
Q

Nonregulatory molecules (plasma albumin) capable of binding to receptors which will result in no detectable change in function; not completely without significance (used to determine amount of free drug in the circulation)

A

Inert binding site

64
Q

An inactive precursor chemical that is administered, readily absorbed, distributed & then converted to the active drug by biologic processes inside the body.

A

Prodrug

65
Q

Passive diffusion in an aqueous or lipid medium is common. Active processes in the movement of many drugs.

A

Permeation

66
Q

Occurs within the larger aqueous compartments of the body & across epithelial membrane tight junctions & endothelial lining of blood vessels through aqueous pores.

A

Aqueous Diffusion

67
Q

Most important limiting factor for drug permeation. Lipid barriers separate aqueous compartments

A

Lipid Diffusion

68
Q

Determines how readily molecule moves between aqueous & lipid media.

A

Lipid aqueous partition coefficient of a drug

69
Q

Downhill movement and driven by concentration gradient

A

Aqueous diffusion

70
Q

For substances that are too large or too insoluble in lipid (peptides, AA & glucose) Movement by active transport or facilitated diffusion. Are selective, saturable and inhibitable.

A

Special Carriers

71
Q

Process by which substance is bound at a cell-surface receptor, engulfed by cell membrane, & carried into cell by pinching off of the newly formed vesicle inside the membrane; substance can then be released inside the cytosol by breakdown of the vesicle membrane.

A

Endocytosis

72
Q

Examples of Vesicle Membrane

A

Vitamin B12 & Iron

73
Q

Responsible for secretion of many substances from cells (neurotransmitter substances)

A

Exocytosis

PHARMACOLOGY (8 decks)

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