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Anatomy term 1 > M Upper limb 2 - The elbow joint > Flashcards

M Upper limb 2 - The elbow joint Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 bones is the elbow joint composed of?

A
  1. humerus
  2. ulna - medial
  3. radius - lateral
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2
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the elbow joint?

A
  1. humero-ulnar

2. humero-radial

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3
Q

What is involved in humero-ulnar articulation? (2)

A
  1. trochlea of the humerus

2. trochlear notch of the ulna

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4
Q

What is involved in the humero-radial articulation? (2)

A
  1. the capitulum

2. the upper surface of the radial head - flat

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5
Q

What ligaments reinforces the capsule of the elbow joint? (2)

A

1.LATERALLY

radial collateral ligament

2.MEDIALLY

ulnar collateral ligament

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6
Q

What aspect of the capsule allows for flexion and extension to occur? (2)

A
  1. thin

2. loose anteriorly and posteriorly

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7
Q

Why is the elbow joint one of the most stable joints in the body?

A
  1. good congruity between humero-ulnar joint

- the trochelar notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus

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8
Q

How much force is required to dislocate the elbow?

A

a lot

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9
Q

What age range and activities tend to cause dislocation of the elbow joint?

A

AGE

young adults

ACTIVITIES

sports

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10
Q

What happens during elbow dislocation? (4)

A
  1. humerus moves forwards
  2. humerus projects anteriorly
  3. ulnar projects posteriorly
  4. radius projects posteriorly
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11
Q

What percentage of elbow dislocations are posterior elbow dislocations?

A

80-90%

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12
Q

What happens in posterior elbow dislocation?

A

distal end of humerus is driven through the weak anterior part of the joint capsule

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13
Q

What are the causes of posterior elbow dislocation?

A

falling onto hands with elbows flexed

HYPEREXTENSION - drives the ulnar posterolaterally

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14
Q

What ligament can be torn in posterior elbow dislocation?

A

ulnar collateral ligament

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15
Q

What fractures can occur in posterior elbow dislocation?

A
  1. head of radius
  2. coronoid process
  3. olecranon process
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16
Q

What nerve could get injured during posterior dislocation of the elbow?

A

ulnar nerve

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of posterior elbow dislocation?

A
  1. severe pain in elbow region
  2. Elbow appears to be widened
  3. prominent olecranon process (lump of elbow)
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18
Q

What plexus is the ulnar nerve a part of?

A

brachial plexus

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19
Q

What does the ulnar nerve travel down posteriorly?

A

medial epichondyle

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20
Q

What feeling do you get when you hit the ulnar nerve?

A

funny bone feeling

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21
Q

What happens when you injure the ulnar nerve? (4)

A
  1. numbness of the medial part of the palm
  2. numbness of medial 1 and 1/2 fingers
  3. weakness in flexion
  4. weakness of adduction of the wrist
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22
Q

What muscle is bound to wrist on the ulnar/medial side of the forearm?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

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23
Q

How elbow dislocations classified? (2)

A
  1. simple elbow dislocation

2. complex elbow dislocation

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24
Q

Is surgery required for a simple elbow dislocation?

A

no

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25
Q

What is the prognosis like for simple elbow dislocation?

A

good

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26
Q

What is a simple elbow dislocation?

A

ligamentous injury only

no fracture

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27
Q

What is complex dislocation?

A

fracture of bone in the forearm

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28
Q

Is surgery required for complex elbow dislocation and why?

A

yes - to maintain elbow in normal position

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29
Q

What are the movements of the elbow?

A

flexion/extensions

30
Q

Why can hyperextension occur?

A

olecranon process has a hole in it = OLECRANON FOREAMEN

31
Q

What muscles are flexors of the elbow joint? (3)

A
  1. brachialis
  2. biceps brachii
  3. brachioradialis
32
Q

NOTE

A

know innervation and attachments of flexors of elbow joint

33
Q

What is an accessory flexor of the elbow joint when the forearm is mid-pronated?

A

brachioradialis

34
Q

What is the extensor of the elbow joint? (1)

A

triceps brachii

35
Q

What are the 3 heads of triceps brachii? (3)

A
  1. lateral head
  2. medial head
  3. long head
36
Q

What is triceps brachia innervated by?

A

radial nerve

37
Q

What does the olecranon bursa protect?

A

Olecranon process of the ulnar

38
Q

What is a bursa full of and what does it do?

A

full of synovial fluid

  • reduce friction
39
Q

Why can inflammation of the olecranon bursa occur?

A

excessive and repeated pressure and friction over the olecranon

40
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of olecranon bursitis? (3)

A
  1. swelling of bursa
  2. visible bursa
  3. painful on palpation
41
Q

What is olecranon bursitis also known as?

A

student elbow

42
Q

Where is the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

with the capsule of the elbow joint

43
Q

What does the articulation of the proximal radial-ulnar joint involve?

A
  1. head of the radius

2. radial notch of the ulnar

44
Q

Where does the annular ligament wrap around?

A

head of the radius

45
Q

What does the annular ligament do? (2)

A
  1. maintains stability of the radius

2. allows for rotation of the forearm during supination and pronation

46
Q

What is supination?

A

palm up

47
Q

What is pronation?

A

palm down

48
Q

What age group makes your annular ligament weak?

A

children - kids under 4 yrs

49
Q

What can a weak annular ligament cause the radius to do?

A

to under go subluxation or dislocation

50
Q

What is subluxation or dislocation of the radius commonly caused by in kids and what is the name given to it?

A
  1. adults swinging kids by their arms / lifting the child by one arm
  2. Nursemaids elbow/ Pulled elbow syndrome
51
Q

What are the movements of the proximal radioulnar joint? (2)

A
  1. supination

2. pronation

52
Q

What muscle rotates the proximal radio-ulanr joint?

A

Pronator terres

53
Q

What muscle helps rotate the radius?

A

biceps brachii

54
Q

What is golfer’s elbow?

A

insertion of wrist flexor tendons into the medial epicondyle becomes inflamed

55
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

insertion of the wrist extensor tendons into the lateral epicondyle become inflamed

56
Q

What are the symptoms of epicondyltis? (2)

A
  1. local tenderness

2. pain radiating into forearm along affected muscles

57
Q

What is the treatment of epicondyltis? (2)

A
  1. rest

2. injections of corticosteroids if pain is severe

58
Q

What ossifies separately from the rest of the humerus and what is it only connected by?

A

Medial epicondyle

  • connected by cartilage
59
Q

When does fusion of the medial epicondyle occur?

A

14-20 years

60
Q

What causes avulsion of the medial epicondyle?

A
  1. severe trauma
  2. causes abduction of the elbow
  3. stretches the ulnar collateral ligament which pulls the medial epicondyle out of position
61
Q

What nerve may be damaged in the avulsion of the medial epicondyle?

A

ulnar nerve

62
Q

Where are humeral fractures likely to occur?

A

surgical neck of humerus

63
Q

What age group are humeral fractures likely to happen in and why?

A

elderly

osteoporosis

64
Q

What nerve amy be injured in a humeral surgical neck fracture?

A

axillary

65
Q

In a humeral shaft fracture, what muscle pulls the proximal fragment laterally?

A

deltoid

66
Q

What is at risk of being injured in a humeral shaft fracture?

A

radial nerve

67
Q

What age group is supracondylar fracture common in?

A

children

68
Q

Which nerve and artery are prone to injury in a supracondylar fracture?

A

NERVE

median

ARTERY

brachial

69
Q

What happens to the hand if the brachial artery is blocked?

A

turns blue

may necrose

70
Q

What direction does the humerus displace in a supracondylar fracture?

A

displaces forwards

Anatomy term 1 (10 decks)

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