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Anatomy term 1 > M Upper limb 1 - The shoulder > Flashcards

M Upper limb 1 - The shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What is the forearm?

A

elbow to wrist

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2
Q

What is the arm?

A

shoulder to elbow

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3
Q

What is the role of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

attaching the heavy upper limb to the rest of the body

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4
Q

Where do you take blood?

A

cubital fossa

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5
Q

What is the glenoid fossa a part of?

A

flat part of scapula

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6
Q

What are the 2 components of the shoulder?

A
  1. Pectoral girdle

2. Shoulder joint

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7
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and the scapula (shoulder blade)

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8
Q

What makes up the shoulder joint?

A

glenohumeral joint

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9
Q

Where is the glenohumeral joint?

A

between glenoid fossa and head of humerus

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10
Q

What does the pectoral girdle do?

A

hold the upper limb and attaches it to the rest of the body

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11
Q

What are the important joints of the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. acromioclavicular joint

2. sternoclavicular joint

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12
Q

How is stability of the pectoral girdle maintained? (4)

A 
muscles
1. rhomboids - major and minor
2, levator scapulae
3. trapezius
4. serratus anterior
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13
Q

What are the three movements of the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. elevation/ depression
  2. protraction/retraction
  3. abduction/ adduction
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14
Q

What muscles are involved in elevation/depression? (5)

A
  1. trapezius
  2. levator scapulae
  3. rhomboids
  4. pec major
  5. latissimus dorsi
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15
Q

What muscles are involved in protraction and retraction? (4)

A
  1. trapezius - inferior
  2. serratus anterior
  3. pec major
  4. pec minor
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16
Q

What muscles are involved in abduction and adduction? (1)

A
  1. trapezius - middle

GRAVITY

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17
Q

What is winged scapula?

A

happens when the long thoracic nerve which innervates the serratus anterior is damaged.

Serratus anteiror is paralysed and the scapula sticks out

This is because the role of the serratus anterior is to hold the scapula in place.

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18
Q

Where does the long thoracic nerve come from?

A

brachial plexus

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19
Q

What can cause winged scapula? (3)

A
  1. penetrating injuries
  2. iatrogenic
  3. neuritis
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20
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

A

ball and socket joint

between head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula

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21
Q

What helps the stability of the joint? (4)

A
  1. glenoid labrum
  2. ligaments
  3. biceps tendon
  4. rotator cuff muscles
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22
Q

Where is the glenohumeral joint weakest?

A

inferiorly

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23
Q

Why is the glenohumeral joint prone to dislocation?

A

only in contact with 1/3 of humerus therefore unstable

incongruency

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24
Q

What are the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint? (3)

A
  1. glenohumeral - sup, mid and inf
  2. coracohumeral
  3. transverse humeral
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25
Q

What is the coraco-acromial arch made up of?

A
  1. acromion
  2. coracoid process
  3. coracoacromial ligament
26
Q

What does the coraco-acromial arch prevent?

A

superior displacement of the humerus

27
Q

What are the bursae of the glenohumeral joint? (2)

A
  1. subscapular

2. subacromial

28
Q

What is calcific bursitis?

A

When inflammation of the bursa leads to calcification of the bursa

29
Q

Which bursa of the glenohumeral joint is commonly affected?

A

subacromial

subacromial bursitis

30
Q

What age group and gender does calcific bursitis develop in?

A

males

over 50 yrs

31
Q

What is a key sign of calcific bursitis?

A

painful arch syndrome

32
Q

What is painful arch syndrome and when with the pain disappear?

A

pain during 50-130 degrees of abduction

abduction after 130 degrees - pain will disappear

33
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles? (4)

A
  1. supraspinatus
  2. infraspinatus
  3. teres minor
  4. subscapularis
34
Q

What do the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles act as?

A

ligament - keeping the head of the humerus pressed into the glenoid fossa

35
Q

What tendon is most commonly torn in rotator cuff tears?

A

supraspinatous tendon

36
Q

What is the symptom of the rotator cuff tear?

A
  1. pain and weakness when arm is overhead

2. supraspinatous damage - can’t initiate fist 15 degrees

37
Q

What is the test for rotator cuff tear and which muscle does it mainly test for?

A
  1. abduct arm fully
  2. lower arm slowly with control

Supraspinatus

If damaged will fall suddenly to the side at 90 degrees

38
Q

Which age group is dislocation of the glenohumeral joint most commonly seen in?

A

young adults

39
Q

What is the most usual cause of a glenohumeral joint dislocation and why is the case? (2)

A
  1. excessive extension
  2. lateral rotation

both of humerus

due to inferior instability

40
Q

Where does the axillary nerve wrap around?

A

surgical neck of humerus

41
Q

What nerve can inferior dislocation of the gelnohumeral joint damage?

A

axillary - 3% of people

42
Q

How does a patient with damage to the axillary nerve present? (2)

A
  1. atrophy of deltoid muscle

2. anaesthesia of deltoid muscle

43
Q

What nerves make up the brachial plexus? (5)

A
  1. musculocutaneous
  2. median
  3. ulnar
  4. axillary
  5. radial
44
Q

What is the nerve root of musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-C7

45
Q

What is the nerve root of median nerve?

A

C6-T1

46
Q

What is the nerve root of ulnar nerve?

A

C7-T1

47
Q

What is the nerve root of axillary nerve?

A

C5-C6

48
Q

What is the nerve root of radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

49
Q

What is the movement of the shoulder joint?

A
  1. flexion/extension
  2. medial/lateral rotation
  3. circumduction - flexion/extension/adduction/abduction
  4. adduction/abduction
50
Q

What muscle initiates abduction?

A

supraspinatous

first 15 degrees

51
Q

What takes over the supraspinatous after the initiation of abduction?

A

deltoid

52
Q

What is a powerful abductor of the shoulder joint?

A

deltoid

53
Q

What can cause impairments of abduction?

A

paralysed supraspinatus and deltoid

54
Q

What causes the supraspinatus to be paralysed?

A

damage to subscapular nerve (C5,6)

in scapular fracture

55
Q

What causes the deltoid o be paralysed?

A

damage to axillary nerve (C5,6)

shoulder dislocation or fracture of surgical neck of humerus

56
Q

what are the boundaries of the quadrangular space?

A

lateral - surgical neck of humerus

medial - long head of triceps brachia

inferior - trees major

superior - teres minor

57
Q

What are the contents of the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve

posterior circumflex artery and vein

58
Q

What is quadrangular space syndrome?

A

transient blockage of the posterior humeral circumflex artery and axillary nerve

59
Q

At what position does quadrangular space syndrome occur at?

A
  1. abduction
  2. extension
  3. external rotation
60
Q

What symptoms do the patients experience in quadrangular space syndrome?

A
  1. shoulder pain

2. parasthesia - down arm

61
Q

What is quadrangular space syndrome often associated with?

A

fibrotic bands develop in quadrangular space

compress posterior circumflex artery and axillary nerve

62
Q

Who does quadrangular space syndrome often affect?

A

atheletes who perform overhead movements

Tennis players

Anatomy term 1 (10 decks)

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