M: Multi Store Model Flashcards
Who developed the MSM?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
How does the MSM work?
stimulus->SENSORY->attention->STM
->rehearsal->LTM
<-retrieval
What are the 3 types of sensory memory?
Haptic - tactile input from body (touch) stored as feelings
Echoic - auditory (things you hear) stored as sounds (250ms-few seconds)
Iconic - visual info from eyes stored as images (kept for short period)
What did Sperling (1960) do?
Studied iconic store using a tachistoscope (a device that can flash pictorial stimuli onto a screen very briefly)
Asked students to remember as many letters as possible from a gird of 12 symbols that he displayed for 50ms
What did Sperling find?
Reported seeing a lot more than they had time to report before it faded from the sensory memory
Sperling method change- Partial report technique
Trained pps. to distinguish between a high/medium/low tone
Exposed grid for 50ms and then played one tone
Asked to recall the row corresponding with the tone (top row:high pitch, bottom, low tone)
Just over 3 out of 4 recalled on average
Iconic store can retain approx. 76% of received data
What did Sperling find about duration?
If there was a 0.3 sec delay between grid and tone, only 50% info was available
33% after 1 sec delay
(As opposed to immediate tone: 76%)
Does the Bahrick et al. 1975 yearbook study support or challenge the MSM?
Support- shows how the duration for STM and LTM differs
Very long lasting LTM
Does the Glanzer and Cunitz 1966 serial position experiment support or challenge the MSM?
Support- shows that we must rehearse to her info from STM to LTM
What was the procedure for the Glanzer and Cunitz serial position experiment?
Pps. hear list of words and asked to recall either immediately (A) or after interference task, counting backwards (B)
Primacy effect- both groups remembered words at the start
Recency effect- group A remembered words at the end as they were still in the STM
Group B forgot words because they were not held in the STM
Case study Henry Molaisen (1926-2008)
Very severe epileptic
Neurosurgeon sucked out his hippocampus to reduce seizures
Could not learn any new words/songs/faces, forgot who he was walking to as soon as he turned away, didn’t know if his parents were alive or dead
Could learn new motor skills like using walking frame but this learning was on a subconscious level
Does HM support or challenge MSM?
Shows that there’s two different store of memory (his STM remained intact)
Also challenged as it suggests the LTM is more complex than the MSM suggests
Could learn new implicit (procedural) long term memories but not explicit
CHALLENGING
Shallice and Warrington, 1970 studied KF
Suffered brain damage in motorbike accident
Normal LTM, but his STM was affected
Could only remember 2 items or chunks
Difficulty with verbal info, normal ability with visual which challenges sensory memory
States that info must be retained and rehearsed before LTM but his STM was impaired so how did this work??
What are the strengths and weaknesses of case studies?
Strengths: unique circumstances that we couldn’t usually study
Rich detailed info
Weaknesses: lack generalisability
Only one person in one circumstance
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
Levels of Processing
Later theory suggests obvious omission by MSM
What we do with material influences our later recall
Shallow processing->deep processing
Structural(visual) -> phonological(acoustic) -> semantic
