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Question 1

James Hutton:

Answer 1

Hutton – proposed that geological forces have shaped the Earth, by SLOW, GRADUAL processes. In
addition, he proposed that the Earth had to be VERY OLD for this to be reasonable. Referred to as GRADUALISM

Question 2

Thomas Malthus:

Answer 2

Malthus – observed human populations in England. He hypothesized that over time there would
not be enough food or resources for a population, and as a result some would have to die off.
Darwin applied this to all organisms (struggle for existence)

Question 3

Jean Baptiste Lamarck:

Answer 3

Jean Baptiste Lamarck: Hypothesized that living things change over time. Proposed that all organisms are
moving towards perfection and the idea of “use and disuse”, the more a body part is used the more it grows
and this is passed along future generations. Darwin used the idea and changed it from a lifetime to change to
over generations. Rather than an individual changing, it was the population as a whole.

Question 4

Charles Lyell:

Answer 4

Lyell expanded on Hutton’s work. He proposed that the Earth was millions of years old and that the
same processes that shaped ancient Earth are the processes occurring today. UNIFORMATARIANISM

Question 5

Hutton/Lyell

Answer 5

Hutton/Lyell; the time scale and the slow/gradual processes supported Darwin’s thinking of living things changing
(opposed to the Earth).

Question 6

Carolus Linnaeus:

Answer 6

Came up with the idea of the 2 name system such as the Taxonomy System or Classification
System. Darwin used this to classify all organisms.