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055. My HDM Test 1 > Lymphoid Tissue > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main histological features of lymphocytes and nuetrophils?

A

Lymphocytes will have a large dark nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm while neutrophils are multi nucleated (3-5) and have visible open cyotplasm along the nuclei

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2
Q

Lymhpoid organs contain high numbers of lymphocytes, and diffuse lymphoid tissue is also located throughout the body. How are the lymphocytes activated in the lymphoid organs?

A

They are activated in response to the antigens that are presented there

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3
Q

What consists of your primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and red bone marrow producing lymphocytes needed to recognize antigens

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4
Q

What consists of your secondary lymphoid organs and what do they do?

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissues where lymphocytes are activated in response to antigens

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5
Q

What is diffuse lymphoid tissue and what does it do?

A

Non-encapsulated accumulations located in lamina propria of GI and respiratory (where lamina is exposed to ‘outside’ environments)

They intercep antigens and initiate an immune response

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6
Q

What are lymphatic nodules in nodular lymphoid tissue?

A

Discrete concentration of lymphocytes sharped defined but non-encapsulated (stain dark purple)

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7
Q

Describe a primary nodule/follicle of nodular lymphoid tissue.

A

Has small lymphocytes that are naive, uniform and lack germinal center

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8
Q

Describe a secondary nodule/follicle of nodular lymphoid tissue and the two different layers.

A

They are activated primary nodules that consist of two layers:
Germinal center- lighter stained due to immature cells
Mantle/Corona Zone: outer ring w small lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are some examples of aggregation of nodules (non-encapulated)?

A

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, Veriform appendix (Large I), mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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10
Q

What are tonsils and what do they protect against?

A

Large irregular masses of lymphoid tissue in 3 different locations that protect against inhaled/ingested substances

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11
Q

What is characteristic of palatine tonsils?

A

Have nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with lymphocytes, have tonsillar crypts (deep invaginations) and has partial capsule made of dense connective tissue

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12
Q

What is characteristic of pharyngeal tonsils (nasopharynx)?

A

Covered in pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (DIFFERENT FROM OTHER TWO), no crypts, thin capsule

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13
Q

What is characteristic of lingual tonsils (base of tongue)?

A

Covered with stratified squamous epithelium, have germinal centers, no capsule, some crypts

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14
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary contain naive/inactive cells and secondary contain active cells/lymphocytes

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15
Q

Where can peyer’s patches be found and what is characteristic of them?

A

In the ileum of the small intestine, has many aggregations of lymphatic nodules with intestinal villi.

Covered in simple columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells

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16
Q

Where can the veriform appendix be found and what is characterist of the cells?

A

Found in the large intestine/ cecum, lamina propria completely infiltrated by lymphocytes, simple columnar epithelium w goblet cells, crypts! no villi

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17
Q

What are the different types of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and what is characteristic of them?

A

Mucosa-Gastrointestinal-respiratory (bronchus) = MALT/GALT/BALT…

Single clusters of lymphoid tissue, lumen opened to environment, enlarges when exopsed to antigens

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18
Q

What is lymph and lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymph is clear, yellowish fluid comprised of interstitial fluids, solutes, and foreign materials

Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended tubes that are found amound capillary beds (lymph is collected this way)

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19
Q

What are lymph nodes comprised of and what are their main functions?

A

Encapsulated structures along lymphatic vessels comprised of reticular tissue (in axilla neck thorax and inguinal regions)

Function is to filter lymph ie: remove debris, facilitate antibody production and produce lymphocytes

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20
Q

What is the general process for the path of lymph through a lymph node? (5)

A
  1. lymph enters by afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. goes through superficial cortex
  3. goes through deep/para cortex
  4. goes through medulla
  5. sinuses converge at hilum/efferent lymphatic vessel where lymph will leave and neurovascular bundle will be
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21
Q

What is the location in the lymph node called where you can find the lymphatic nodules (prim/second), where immune cells are suspended on reticular fibers, and where germinal centers have been presented with antigen and mantle zone contains active B cells?

A

Superficial cortex, which cleans the lymph

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22
Q

What can be found in the deep cortex of lymph nodes?

A

no nodules and high T cell counts

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23
Q

What cells can be found in the reticular meshwork of lymph nodes?

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells (APC), and follicular DC

24
Q

What are high endothelial venules and what do they do?

A

post capillary venules lined by cuboidal or columnar endothelial cells, which facilitate movement of lymphocytes from circulation into the lymphnode

25
Q

What leaves through high endothelial venules (HVE)?

A

B cells and T cells leave bloodstream by these, cross endothelium by diapedesis, similar to neutrophils

26
Q

What makes up the lymph node medulla and what is its function?

A

Inner part of medulla made up of medullary cords and sinuses, covered by reticular cells which serve as framework for parenchyma

27
Q

What do the medullary cords consist mainly of?

A

B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and plasma cells

28
Q

What are dilated spaces that separate medullary cords, which contain clusters of macrophages and neutrophils. These ‘ things ‘ also converge near the hilum of the LN to drain into efferent lymphatic vessels…

A

Medullary Sinuses

29
Q

What is another way for saying hilum?

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

30
Q

The thymus is bilobed in located in the thoracic mediastinum. What will form in tissues to mature into T cells?

A

Lymphoblast invade tissue and proliferate, to lymphocytes which form T cells

31
Q

What is important regarding T cell development in comparison to B cell development?

A

T cells are mainly made when you are young and going through puberty while B cells are made every day

32
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the thymus? sometimes looks like lymph node with germinal centers

A

Has thin capsule with trabeculae going to parenchyma, establishing thymic domains.
Lack lymphoid nodules and germinal centers

33
Q

The thymic cortex is the site of T lymphocyte maturation and usually stains dark purple/basophillically… what is the cortex mainly packed with?

A

Thymocytes which are immature T-lymphocytes, which occupy spaves within meshwork of epithelioreitcular cells

34
Q

What do epithelioreticular cells provide in the thymic cortex?

A

framework for T cell development

35
Q

What type of cortical epithelioreticular cells make the boudary of the cortex and capsule, between the parenchyma and trabeculae?

A

Type I, uses occluding junctions to keep T cells from stroma

36
Q

What type of cortical epithelioreticular cells are within the cortex, with star shaped, large nucleus, cells that express MHC 1 and 2 to help in thymic cell education?

A

Type II

37
Q

What type of cortical epithelioreticular cells are located at the boundary of the cortex and medulla, create a barrier between cortex and medulla, and express MHC 1/2?

A

Type III

38
Q

Which type of cortical epithelioreticular cells contains macrophages that are there to kill T cells that do not educate well?

A

Type III

39
Q

What is the inner portion of parenchyma which contains large number of epithelioreticular cells and loosely packed T cells, AND thymic corpuscles which are its distinguishing feature?

A

The thymic medulla

40
Q

What does the thymic medulla house and transport?

A

Thymic medulla houses mature T cells migrating from the cortex which enter postcapillary venules to exit the thymus

41
Q

What type of medullary epithelioreticular cells in thymus are located by type III cells between cortex and medulla, which contain occluding junctions between adjacent cells to form corticomedullary junction?

A

Type IV

42
Q

What type of medullary epithelioreticular cells in the thymus are located throughout the medulla which compartmentalize groups of lymphocytes using desmosomes?

A

Type V

43
Q

What type of medullary epithelioreticular cells in the thymus form thymic corpuscles (isolated, packed type VI cells with flattened nuclei), with keratohyalin granules, intermediate filaments and lipid droplets?

A

TYPE VI**

44
Q

What are type VI (6) medullary epithelioreticular cells in the thymus thought to produce and what do they do?

A

Produces interleukins IL4/IL7 that function in thymic differentiation and T cell education

45
Q

What is the blood-thymus barrier and what does it do?

A

Makes a barrier between T cells and lumen of blood vessels to protects developing lymphocytes in the thymus from exposure to antigens

46
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up the blood thymus barrier from outward to inward?

A
  1. Endothelium lining the capillary wall (highly permeable)
  2. Macrophages to kill escaped Ags, w/ perivascular CT
  3. Type 1 epithelioreitcular cells surround capillary wall
47
Q

What are the main functions of the spleen, located in the left superior quadrant? (5)

A
  1. Filtering
  2. Initiates immune response to blood Ags
  3. Reservoir for platelets
  4. Recycling erythrocytes
  5. Hematopoiesis (in fetus till BM takes over)
48
Q

the spleen has dense CT capsule with trabeculae which contain myofibroblasts. What do they do?

A

Help to repel RBCs and produce EC fibers

49
Q

The parenchyma of the spleen contains reticular fibers which makes up…?

A

White pulp: T/B cells and macrophages

Red pulp: venous supply, RBCs, platelets, macrophages and plasma cells

50
Q

What is the identifying factor for a histological slide of the spleen?

A

there is no cortex or medulla!

51
Q

White pulp (splenic nodules) contains a central arteriole and PALS, what does PALS stand for and what is it?

A

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths that are T cells surrounding the central arteriole

52
Q

What are the two layers/zones around the germinal center in white pulp in the spleen? ***not a true nodule

A 
Corona/mantle zone (MnZ) which are small lymphocytes surrounding the GC
Marginal Zone (MgZ): blend of lymphocytes that span white to red pulp
53
Q

What is red pulps’ function, what is it composed of, and what does it contain?

A

They make sure T cells are functioning correctly, function in blood filtration and erythrocyte turnover

Composed of splenic sinusoids and splenic chords rich in lymphocytes and macrophages and reticular fibers

Contain penicillar arteries

54
Q

What are sinusoids in red pulp in the spleen lined with and why?

A

Lined with stave cells which are specialized endothelial cells that separate healthy vs. unhealthy RBCs

55
Q

What is the flow of blood into the spleen?

A

Splenic A -> Trabecular A -> into parenchyma -> central arteriole/PALS -> White pulp - > Pencillar arteries -> Splenic sinuses -> Splenic cords

56
Q

What is the difference in the spleen blood flow between humans and mammals?

A

Humans have open circulation that allows blood to freely flow into sinusoids, while they are closed in mammals

055. My HDM Test 1 (10 decks)

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