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055. My HDM Test 1 > Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of immuity?

A

a set of cooperative defense mechanisms that provide protection from infection diseases

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2
Q

What are antigens (Ags) and what can they do?

A

Noninfectious foreign substances can elicit an immune response

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3
Q

What is the most effective method of protection against infections?

A

Vaccination: which is a procedure of stimulating immune responses agains microbes to have memory of the pathogen so will kill it if ever comes in contact with it

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4
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When high percentage of population is vaccinated, it’s difficult for infectious diseases to spread b/c not many can be infected

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5
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active is when there is a host response to microbial Ags, has specificity and memory for future immunity
Passive is trasnfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for a microbe, (no immunity just protects)

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6
Q

Innate immunity is first line of defense against infection, what are the 4 characteristics of it?

A
  1. quick
  2. acute inflammation
  3. some specificity for Ag (recognize abnormal cells)
  4. no memory
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7
Q

Adaptive immunity…. (3)?

A
  1. longer to develop
  2. highly specific
  3. Memory (remembers Ags encountered in past)
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8
Q

What occurs during ‘phase 1’ of immune response?

A

non-induced innate response: Skin barrier, pH, saliva proteases

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9
Q

What occurs during ‘phase 2’ of immune response? (4-96 hours)

A

Innate response induced: phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, NK cells, Mast cell, complement cells (first phase passed if damage through skin)

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10
Q

What occurs during ‘phase 3’ of immune response? (>96 hours)

A

Induced adaptive and high specific response: Bcells, helper T cells, cytolytic T cells

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11
Q

Where are the majority of innate immune cells stationed and when are they released?

A

Main stationed in the blood and delivered into tissues on demand for inflammatory responses or inflammation

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12
Q

Where do polymorphs, such as neutrophils, basophils (mast cell), and eosinophils come from?

A

From leukocytes -> granulocytes

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13
Q

Where do lymphocytes (T cell, plasma cell, NK cell) and phagocytes (macrophage) come from?

A

Leukocytes –> mononuclear cells –> lymphocytes

Leukocytes –> mononuclear cells –> phagocyte

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14
Q

What does CD stand for and what does it indicate?

A

CD stands for cluster of differentiation, indicating a defined subset of cellular surface receptors that identify cell type and stage differentiation

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15
Q

Phagocytes, including neutrophils and macrophages, ingest and destroy microbes and get rid of damaged tissues. What are the 4 steps in the response of phagocytes and what do they secrete?

A
  1. recruitment of cells to infection
  2. recognition and activation by microbes
  3. ingestions of microbes
  4. destrcution of microbes
    secreting cyotkines to promote/regulate immune response
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16
Q

What is another name for neutrophils, and what do they do?

A

Called polymorphonuclear leukocytes b/c nucleus segmented in 3-5 segments, mediate earliest phases of inflammatory reactions (most abundant)

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17
Q

Neutrophils are short lived hours to days, billions are produced every day, which cytokine stimulates neutrophilic production?

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF

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18
Q

Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils all have cytoplasmic granules with various inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators, what do they help protect against?

A

Against helminthes and reactions that cause allergic diseases

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19
Q

Where are mast cells located and why?

A

Located in skin near blood vessels so they can regulate vascular permeability and release mediators (histamine) to recruit effector cells

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20
Q

Monocytes and resident tissue macrophages (Mø) are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Mø are long lived in tissues and rise from precursor cells in bone marrow, driven by which growth factor? (monocytes become macrophages)

A

monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)

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21
Q

What are the four roles of a macrophage in tissues?

A
  1. homeostatic functions (clean cellular debris)
  2. Immune surveillance
  3. Response to infection
  4. Resolution of inflammation
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22
Q

Dendritic cells (DCs), derived from monocytes differntiated by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), are antigen presenting cells, what cells do they stimulate to induce adaptive immunity?

A

DCs are stimulators of T cells

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23
Q

What is a subpopular of dendritic cells in the epidermis of the skin?

A

Langerhan cells (antigen presenting cells as well)

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24
Q

What can DCs be broadly divided into? (group wise)

A

myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs)

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25
Q

Where does the development and maturation of T cells occur and what immunity do they give rise to?

A

Matured in the thymus, when T cell is Ag-stimulated gives rise to cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

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26
Q

Where development/maturation of B cells occur and what immuity do they give rise to?

A

Matured in bone marrow and give rise to humoral immunity, which involves production of soluble molecules (immunoglobulins)

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27
Q

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is controlled by T cells which work with Ag-presenting cells and phagocytes to eliminate microbes, what does CMI mediate?

A

Host defense against INTRAcellular microbes such as viruses and bacteria that are not accessible to circulating Abs

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28
Q

What do T helper cells (lymphocytes) do?

A

help B cells to make effective Abs thus contributing to eradication of extracellular microbes

29
Q

What was Eliya Metchnikoff famous for?

A

for founding cell-mediated immunity/fundamental principles of immunity

30
Q

Humoral (extracellular microbes/toxins) adaptive immunity is mediated by Antibodies in blood/mucus which are produced by B cells/lymphocytes. The antibodies recognize microbial Ags and do what?

A

Neutralize the infectivity of EXTRACELLULAR microbes, targeting them for elimination by effector mechanisms (many)

31
Q

What was Paul Ehrlich know for?

A

He was the father of humoral immunity, saying immune cells can secrete receptors… B cells

32
Q

What are 7 properties of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Specificity to single microbe or Ag
  2. Responds to large variety of Ags
  3. Memory
  4. Inc # of Ag-specific lymphocytes
  5. Response to microbe is optimal
  6. Allows recovery from one response
  7. Prevents injury to host
33
Q

What are naive B/T cells?

A

Have not yet been exposed to Ag

34
Q

Where does differentiation into B cells occur in the fetus and after birth?

A

Fetal liver and bone marrow after birth,

35
Q

Development of B cells involves contact with which cells and cytokines/

A

Stromal cells and IL-1, IL-6, IL-7

36
Q

Each B cell has receptors specific for one Ag, generated by inherited germline, what happens when B cells react with self-Ags?

A

They are elimated by apoptosis

37
Q

T cells develop in thymus from T cell progenitors from pluripotent stem cells. Each T cell has receptors specific to one Ag. What cytokines play an important role in T cell development?

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7

38
Q

What T cells provide help for B cell growth and differentiation?

A

T helper cells which express CD4

39
Q

What T cells recognize and kill virus-infection cells?

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs), express CD8

40
Q

What does the clonal selection hypothesis state?

A

By Dr Jerne and Burnet, Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to Ag

41
Q

Each Ag(X) selects a preexisting clone of specific B/T cells and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of that clone so antigen specific immune response can occur… What is this hypothesis?

A

Clonal selection hypothesis

42
Q

If there are left over antigen specific cells, but there is no longer any antigen for it to bind to, what are these used for?

A

Will be stored and responsible for memory!

43
Q

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that prevent infections and eliminate extracellular microbes….this is?

A

Humoral Immunity

44
Q

T helper cells activate macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes or activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLs to directly destroy intracellular microbes/ infected cells… this is?

A

Cell Mediated Immunity

45
Q

What type of lymphocyte recognize soluble Ags and develop into Ab-secreting cells?

A

B lymphocytes

46
Q

What type of lymphocyte recognizes Ags on the surface of Ag-presenting cells (macrophages/langerhan) and secrete cytokines which stimulate different mechanism of immunity and inflammation?

A

T helper lymphocytes

47
Q

What type of lymphocyte recognizes Ags on infected cells and kills them?

A

CTLs = cytotxic T lymphocytes

48
Q

What type of lymphocte supresses and prevents immune response (to self antigens for example)?

A

Regulatory T cells

49
Q

Where can you find naive, activated and memory T cells ?

A

Peripheral lymph nodes, inflamed tissues, one set to lymph nodes and one set to mucosa/inflamed tissues

50
Q

What are the type of immunoglobulins found in naive, activated and memory B cells?

A

IgM & IgD
IgG,IgA,IgE
IgG,IgA,IgE

51
Q

In the cutaneous immune system, Langerhan cells pick up Ag from damaged cell and transport to LN where dendritic cell activates and instructs naive T cells to go to skin and secrete cytokines and kill pathogens. Does the skin have CD4+ or CD8+?

A

They have both CD4 T helper cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cells

52
Q

Where do CD8 T cells live and what do they do?

A

Live in epidermis and respond to viral infection or tissue damage

53
Q

Where do CD4 T cells live and what do they do?

A

Mainly in the dermis and carry out effector functions, both CD4/8 produce cytokines that mediate skin health or disease

54
Q

In the mucosal immune system, there are many bacteria in the lumen in which the mucus-secreting epithelium provides and innate barrier against. What specialized cells promote the transport of antigens from the lumen into underlying tissues?

A

M cells

55
Q

What cells in the lamina propria provide innate adaptive immune defense against invading microbes?

A

Dendritic cells, T lymphocytes and macrophages

56
Q

What is important of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the mucosal immune system?

A

It is a type of antibody abudantly produced in mucosal tissues that is transported into the lumen where it binds and neutralizes microbes

57
Q

How are T and B cells in segregated in different regions of lymph nodes?

A

T cells are in the central part of LN while B cells are in periphery.

58
Q

As lymph passes through LNs, Naive B cells in the B cell zone (periphery) are able to do what?

A

They are able to sample the Ags of microbes that may enter through epithelial into tissues

59
Q

DCs pick up Ags of microbes from epithelial and other tissues and transport these Ags into what?

A

Into the T cell zone (central LN) so naive T cells are able to sample.

60
Q

In the spleen, blood enters and goes through sinusoids where blood borne Ags are captured in local antigenpresenting cells like DCs and macrophages. What surrounds splenic central arterioles to meet splenic APCs to sample the Ags?

A

Central arterioles are surrounded by the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) where naive T cells meet APCs

61
Q

The B cell zone (follicles) on the periphery of PALS periarteriolar lymphoid sheath where naive B cells enter looking for Ags. PALs and follicles together make up what?

A

The white pulp of the spleen

62
Q

Lymphocytes mature in the generative lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus), where do mature lymphocytes circulate through the blood to?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs such as LNs, spleen, regional lymphoid tissues (mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT))

63
Q

Where are antigens captured?

A

Site of infection, the draining lymph node, and where immune response is initiated

64
Q

Naive T cells enter LN throuhg high endothelial venules (HEVs), chemokines produced in T cell zones displayed as HEVs surface bind to chemokine receptor CCR7 on T cell, which causes T cells to do what?

A

T cells bind tightly to HEVs and migrate to T cell zone where DCs display Ags

65
Q

Naive B cells enter at the HEV, and migrate to LN follicles being guided by chemokines that bind CXCR5 which is…?

A

The chemokine receptor expressed on the B cells

66
Q

What are the 5 phases of adaptive immune responses?

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. Lymphocyte activation
  3. Antigen elimination
  4. Contraction/Homeostasis
  5. Memory
67
Q

The secondary response to AgX is more rapid and larger than the primary response due to?

A

Memory! Memory cells are more effective in combating microbes than naive cells , as well as more numerous and respond faster.

68
Q

Antibody levels decline with time after each immunization… why?

A

Contraction of immune response

055. My HDM Test 1 (10 decks)

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