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histo exam 2 > lymphoid system > Flashcards

lymphoid system Flashcards

1
Q

what does MALT stand for

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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2
Q

what does the MALT do and where can you find it in the body

A
  • lines mucosa
  • digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, reporductive tract
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3
Q

What structures are included with in the MALT

A
  • tonsils
  • peyer patches
  • appendix
  • lymphoid nodules
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4
Q

what is NOT is not part of the MALT

A

PALS - peri-arteriole-lymphoid - sheets

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5
Q

where can you find PALS

A

surrounding the center artiriole in the spleen

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6
Q

when are lymphoid nodules part of the MALT?

A

only when they are scattered by the mucosa but when they are in the lymph nodes or the spleen ( inside organs) they arent part of the MALT

*** if he doesnt specify where the lymphoid nodules are within the organ then they are part of the MALT

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7
Q

what lymphoid cells are part of the MALT and where are they located

A
  • B cells - in the nodules
  • T cells - in adajacent areas
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8
Q

where are B and T lymphocytes produced

A

B- in the bone marrow
T- in the thymus

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9
Q

what is the innate immunity
- what immune cells hare present here

A
  • immediate and non specific response
  • uses natural killer cells
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10
Q

what is adaptive immunity (3)
- what immune cells are present here

A
  • acquired gradually through exposure
  • involves B and T lymphocytes ( T helper & cytotoxic)
  • have memory of past infections
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11
Q

where are macrophages present

A
  • CT
  • lymphoid organs
  • bone marrow
  • pleural and peritoneal cavities
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12
Q

what are the functions of macrophages (2)

A
  • produce cytokine and inflammation factors
  • antigen processing and presenting
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13
Q

what are kupffer cells

A

macrophages of the liver

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14
Q

what are microglial cells

A

marophages of the CNS

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15
Q

what are langerhan cells

A

antigen processing and presenting the epidermis

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16
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

antigen processing and presenting in the lymph nodes and spleen

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17
Q

what are lymph nodes derived from
- what immune cells are included and what are their function

A
  • mesenchyme
  • B&T cells for filtration of lymph
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18
Q

what are the functions of lymph nodes(2)

A
  • synthesize antibodies ( mainly IgG)
  • circulates lymphocytes
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19
Q

what is the the passage of lymph through the lymphnodes?

A
  • it enters through the trabiculae and goes to the medullary passage
20
Q

where do lymphocytes enter high endothelial venuels in the lymph nodes

A

paracortex

21
Q

what is the funtion of the higher endothelial venuels (HEVS ) in the lymph nodes

A

they are where the lymphocytes and macrohphages exit and enter the blood to become localized in the lymph nodes

22
Q

where are T-lymphocytes in the spleen?

A

PALS

23
Q

where are T- lymphocytes localized in the lymph nodes

A

in the paracortex

24
Q

where are B-lymphocytes localized in the lymphnodes

A

in the cortex

25
Q

what is the function of the germinal center of lymph nodes
- what is localized here

A

are where lymphocytes proliferate
- B lymphocytes

26
Q

what occurs in thymus

A

maturation of T lymphocytes

27
Q

what is the proccess of the maturation of T lymphocytes

A
  • positive and negative selection
28
Q

What step of T lymphocyte maturation is positive selection involved in and what is the process

A
  • First step in maturation
  • Happens in the cortex
  • Checks to see if T cells bind to any MHC molecule presented
  • If yes, then survive and move to medulla of thymus
    &raquo_space;Weak binding is good enough
  • If no, then death by neglect
29
Q

What step of T lymphocyte maturation is negative selection involved in and what is the process

A
  • Second step in maturation
  • Happens in medulla of thymus
  • Checks to see if T cells bind to MHC I (self-antigen)
  • If yes, then the cell dies by apoptosis
    ANY binding to MHC I results in cell death
  • If no, then the cell has survived maturation and it can leave the thymus to function in the immune system
  • Only 2% of T cells that go in survive this process
30
Q

who is the thymus larger in and why

A
  • larger in kids
  • undergoes involution- parenchyma is replaced with adipose tissue
31
Q

what does the medulla of thymus contain

A
  • contains hassels corpuscles
32
Q

what is the function of the hassles corpuscles (2)

A
  • highly acitve and produce hormones to help lymphocytes differentiate when located on the periphery of the thymus
  • role in negative selection
33
Q

what do lymphoid nodules in the spleen contain
- what are they segregated from?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes in the PALS surrounding the central arteriole
34
Q

what do T lymphocytes have on their cells surface? and what are they

A
  • markers
  • CD4 and CD8 markers
35
Q

which T cells are marked with CD8 markers and which are marked with CD4? what do these cells do?

A
  • CD8» cytotoxic T cells&raquo_space;trigger apoptosis in MHC class 2 presenting cells» triggered by T helper cells
  • CD4»T helper cells»&raquo_space; produce cytokines to promote differentiation of B cells in to plasma cells which stimulates macrophages
  • Can become long lived memory T cells which help the immune system recognize antigens from past infections
36
Q

what do B lymphocytes have on their cell suraface

A

immunoglobulins

37
Q

what does the proccess of T-lymphocyte maturation require and what produces it?

A
  • hormones»thymopoetic/thymosin
  • produced by the thymic epithelial cells/ epithelial reticular cells
38
Q

what is the subdivision of the thymus and what do they contain?

A

lobules(lobes)&raquo_space; contain a cortex and a medulla

39
Q

where does positive selection of T lymphocyte happen in Thymus lobueles? negative selection?

A
  • positive&raquo_space;cortex
    – negative&raquo_space;medulla
40
Q

What is the maturation of T lymphocytes independent of? What does it lead to?

A
  • Foreign antigens
  • leads to the differntitation of T lymphocytes from immunoincompetent to immunocompetent
41
Q

what is IgE

A

Antibody present in plasma in the presence of allergens and binds to IgE receptors on basophils

42
Q

what is IgG

A

most common antibody in the plasma - neutralized antigens

43
Q

what is IgA

A

antibody present in secretion
- seen in saliva and milk production

44
Q

which cells are involved in antigen presentation

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells in lymphoid organs
  • thymic epithelial cells
45
Q

what is MHC 1? how do T lymphocytes react ? where are they present where are they not?

A
  • self antigen
  • T cells recognize this and dont bind to cells this marker is on
  • on the surface of all nucleated cells EXCEPT RBCs and platelts bc dont have nuclei
46
Q

what is MHC class 2? how do T lymphocytes react?

A
  • on the sell surface of foreign antigens
  • T lymphocytes recognize this maker, bind, and eliminate the marked cell
47
Q

which cells present both MHC class 1 and 2

A
  • monocytes/macrophages > present foreign antigens on MHC2
  • Thymic epithelial cells» present the antigens on MHC2
  • Lymphocytes

histo exam 2 (5 decks)

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