blood and bone marrow

Question 1

what is the composition of blood when centrifuged

Answer 1

• fuid phase - plasma- upper layer
• buffy coat - all cells except RBCs
• bottom layer -RBCs

Question 2

what are the formed elements circulating in the plasma

Answer 2

• erthryocytes
• leukocytes (WBCs)
• platelets

Question 3

what is included in the buffy coat

Answer 3

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 4

what are the three categories of blood cells?

Answer 4

• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes
• RBCs / platelets ( one group together)

Question 5

Granulocytes are _______ differentiated

Answer 5

terminally

Question 6

Agranulocytes are ______ differentiated

Answer 6

non terminally

Question 7

what cells are included within the granulocytes

Answer 7

• basophils
• neutrophils
• eosinophils

Question 8

what is the function of basophils
- what are they similar to?
- what reaction can they cause?

Answer 8

• increase during allergic reactions
• similar to mast cells
• can cause anaphylactic shock

Question 9

what is the function of neutrophils

Answer 9

increase during bacterial infections

Question 10

what is the function of eosinophils

Answer 10

increase during parasitic infection

Question 11

what is included within the agranulocytes?

Answer 11

• monocytes
• lymphocytes

Question 12

what is the function of RBCs

Answer 12

carry 02 and C02 and nutrients to the body

Question 13

what is the role of platelets

Answer 13

• play a role in hemostasis
• blood clot formation
• coagulation

Question 14

which cells are not agranulocytes

Answer 14

granulocytes ( neutrophils, baso, eosin) , RBCs , platelates

Question 15

what are RBCs also called

Answer 15

erithrocytes

Question 16

what is another word for platlets

Answer 16

thrombocytes

Question 17

what type of differentiation do cells produced by the bone marrow have?

Answer 17

Non terminally differentiated

Question 18

what cells are terminally differentiated what cells are included within this category

Answer 18

granulocytes
» neutrophil
» basophil
» eosinophil

Question 19

what does it mean to be terminally differentiated
- what is an example

Answer 19

• no more differentiation once produced no more division
  ex) once neutrophils are produced even they dont do their job they will not differentiate into another cells and they DONT divide

Question 20

how many nuclei and organelles do RBCs have

Answer 20

none - anucleate
no organells
dead when they enter the blood stream

Question 21

what type of differentiation do RBCs and platlets have

Answer 21

terminal differentiation

Question 22

what type of differentiation do lymphocytes and monocytes exhibit

Answer 22

non terminal differentiation

Question 23

what do monocytes differentiate into

Answer 23

tissue specific macrophages

Question 24

what does it mean to be non terminally differentiated

Answer 24

can differentiate

Question 25

what do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 25

tissue specific macrophages

Question 26

what are the two types of lymphocytes and where do they mature?

Answer 26

- B-lymphocytes - mature in the bone marrow - T- lymphocytes mature in the thymus

Question 27

what does maturation of B and T lymphocytes mean

Answer 27

gaining immunocompetence

Question 28

what do B lymphocytes differentiate into?

Answer 28

plasma cells after leaving the bone marrow

Question 29

What do T- lymphocytes differentiate into?

Answer 29

T helper cells

Question 30

what is the difference between monocytes and lymphocytes interms of differentiation

Answer 30

monocyte can differentiate and lymphocytes can differentiate and proliferate

Question 31

what are the first cells to step in when blood vessels are wounded

Answer 31

platelets

Question 32

what are the steps of platelet aggregation

Answer 32

- when disruption to the endothelium occur platelet glycocolax adhere to collagen - platelets secrete a special glycoprotein which induce further platelet aggregation - fibrinogen and other proteins released from plasma give rise to fibrin that traps RBCs and forms clots

Question 33

what is the precursor of platelets

Answer 33

megakaryocytes

Question 34

what is the largest cell in the bone marrow following the adipocytes

Answer 34

megakaryocytes

Question 35

what is hematopoesis

Answer 35

- the formation of cellular blood components from hematopoietic stem cells - the production of RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, and agranulocytes from bone marrow

Question 36

what is the proccess of hematopoesis

Answer 36

- hematopoiesis gives rise to many different cell lines - when the cell lines differentiate: - nuclei shrink - chromatin condenses - nuclei become polymorphic

Question 37

what are the 2 lines of cells hematopoiesis gives rise to and what is included in these lines?

Answer 37

- myleoid line - erythroblasts, thromboblasts, granulocytes, monocytes - lymphoid line - B and T lymphocyte and natural killer cells

Question 38

what cells have extreme nuclei polymorphism

Answer 38

nucleus of megakaryocyte and neutrophils made of 3-5 lobes

Question 39

what cells are formed during hematopoesis - erythroropoesis - thrombogenesis - leukopoesis

Answer 39

- erythroropoesis ( erthrocytes) - thrombogeneisis ( platelets) - leukopoesis ( granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells) -

Question 40

what are the two lines in hematopoesis that contribute to leukopoesis

Answer 40

- myleoid line >> granulocytes , monocytes - lumphoid line>> lymphocytes ( b&t), natural killer cells

Question 41

what is unique about the thromobopoetic line? (2)

Answer 41

- only line that doesnt mature, just breaks down - nuclei become polymorphic

Question 42

what is one of the precursors of RBCs where hemoglobin synthesis is very robust

Answer 42

basophilic erythroblast

Question 43

what is the most important precursor to RBCs that needs to be provided during bone marrow transfusion - why?

Answer 43

basophilic erythroblasts - hemoglobin synthesis and other cells that are further along in the differentiation cant produce it

Question 44

what is the final differentiation before erythrocytes are formed? which organelles do they have?

Answer 44

reticulocytes - dont have nucleus but do have polysomes

Question 45

when can you tell what granulocytes will become during their progression

Answer 45

one cant tell if they will become neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils until they are mylocytes. - Promyelocyte differentiation

Question 46

what is sickle disease

Answer 46

- disease of the erythrocytes caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin. - erithrocytes cant pass easily trough the capillaries bc of the sickle form

Question 47

what does sickle cell disease cause a immunity to

Answer 47

malaria