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histo exam 2 > blood and bone marrow > Flashcards

blood and bone marrow Flashcards

1
Q

what is the composition of blood when centrifuged

A
  • fuid phase - plasma- upper layer
  • buffy coat - all cells except RBCs
  • bottom layer -RBCs
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2
Q

what are the formed elements circulating in the plasma

A
  • erthryocytes
  • leukocytes (WBCs)
  • platelets
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3
Q

what is included in the buffy coat

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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4
Q

what are the three categories of blood cells?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
  • RBCs / platelets ( one group together)
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5
Q

Granulocytes are _______ differentiated

A

terminally

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6
Q

Agranulocytes are ______ differentiated

A

non terminally

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7
Q

what cells are included within the granulocytes

A
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
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8
Q

what is the function of basophils
- what are they similar to?
- what reaction can they cause?

A
  • increase during allergic reactions
  • similar to mast cells
  • can cause anaphylactic shock
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9
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

increase during bacterial infections

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10
Q

what is the function of eosinophils

A

increase during parasitic infection

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11
Q

what is included within the agranulocytes?

A
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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12
Q

what is the function of RBCs

A

carry 02 and C02 and nutrients to the body

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13
Q

what is the role of platelets

A
  • play a role in hemostasis
  • blood clot formation
  • coagulation
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14
Q

which cells are not agranulocytes

A

granulocytes ( neutrophils, baso, eosin) , RBCs , platelates

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15
Q

what are RBCs also called

A

erithrocytes

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16
Q

what is another word for platlets

A

thrombocytes

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17
Q

what type of differentiation do cells produced by the bone marrow have?

A

Non terminally differentiated

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18
Q

what cells are terminally differentiated what cells are included within this category

A

granulocytes
» neutrophil
» basophil
» eosinophil

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19
Q

what does it mean to be terminally differentiated
- what is an example

A
  • no more differentiation once produced no more division
    ex) once neutrophils are produced even they dont do their job they will not differentiate into another cells and they DONT divide
20
Q

how many nuclei and organelles do RBCs have

A

none - anucleate
no organells
dead when they enter the blood stream

21
Q

what type of differentiation do RBCs and platlets have

A

terminal differentiation

22
Q

what type of differentiation do lymphocytes and monocytes exhibit

A

non terminal differentiation

23
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into

A

tissue specific macrophages

24
Q

what does it mean to be non terminally differentiated

A

can differentiate

25
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into?

A

tissue specific macrophages

26
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes and where do they mature?

A
  • B-lymphocytes - mature in the bone marrow
  • T- lymphocytes mature in the thymus
27
Q

what does maturation of B and T lymphocytes mean

A

gaining immunocompetence

28
Q

what do B lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

plasma cells after leaving the bone marrow

29
Q

What do T- lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

T helper cells

30
Q

what is the difference between monocytes and lymphocytes interms of differentiation

A

monocyte can differentiate and lymphocytes can differentiate and proliferate

31
Q

what are the first cells to step in when blood vessels are wounded

A

platelets

32
Q

what are the steps of platelet aggregation

A
  • when disruption to the endothelium occur platelet glycocolax adhere to collagen
  • platelets secrete a special glycoprotein which induce further platelet aggregation
  • fibrinogen and other proteins released from plasma give rise to fibrin that traps RBCs and forms clots
33
Q

what is the precursor of platelets

A

megakaryocytes

34
Q

what is the largest cell in the bone marrow following the adipocytes

A

megakaryocytes

35
Q

what is hematopoesis

A
  • the formation of cellular blood components from hematopoietic stem cells
  • the production of RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, and agranulocytes from bone marrow
36
Q

what is the proccess of hematopoesis

A
  • hematopoiesis gives rise to many different cell lines
  • when the cell lines differentiate:
  • nuclei shrink
  • chromatin condenses
  • nuclei become polymorphic
37
Q

what are the 2 lines of cells hematopoiesis gives rise to and what is included in these lines?

A
  • myleoid line - erythroblasts, thromboblasts, granulocytes, monocytes
  • lymphoid line - B and T lymphocyte and natural killer cells
38
Q

what cells have extreme nuclei polymorphism

A

nucleus of megakaryocyte and neutrophils made of 3-5 lobes

39
Q

what cells are formed during hematopoesis
- erythroropoesis
- thrombogenesis
- leukopoesis

A
  • erythroropoesis ( erthrocytes)
  • thrombogeneisis ( platelets)
  • ## leukopoesis ( granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells)
40
Q

what are the two lines in hematopoesis that contribute to leukopoesis

A
  • myleoid line&raquo_space; granulocytes , monocytes
  • lumphoid line» lymphocytes ( b&t), natural killer cells
41
Q

what is unique about the thromobopoetic line? (2)

A
  • only line that doesnt mature, just breaks down
  • nuclei become polymorphic
42
Q

what is one of the precursors of RBCs where hemoglobin synthesis is very robust

A

basophilic erythroblast

43
Q

what is the most important precursor to RBCs that needs to be provided during bone marrow transfusion
- why?

A

basophilic erythroblasts
- hemoglobin synthesis and other cells that are further along in the differentiation cant produce it

44
Q

what is the final differentiation before erythrocytes are formed?
which organelles do they have?

A

reticulocytes - dont have nucleus but do have polysomes

45
Q

when can you tell what granulocytes will become during their progression

A

one cant tell if they will become neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils until they are mylocytes.
- Promyelocyte differentiation

46
Q

what is sickle disease

A
  • disease of the erythrocytes caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin.
  • erithrocytes cant pass easily trough the capillaries bc of the sickle form
47
Q

what does sickle cell disease cause a immunity to

A

malaria

histo exam 2 (5 decks)

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