blood and bone marrow Flashcards
what is the composition of blood when centrifuged
- fuid phase - plasma- upper layer
- buffy coat - all cells except RBCs
- bottom layer -RBCs
what are the formed elements circulating in the plasma
- erthryocytes
- leukocytes (WBCs)
- platelets
what is included in the buffy coat
granulocytes and agranulocytes
what are the three categories of blood cells?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
- RBCs / platelets ( one group together)
Granulocytes are _______ differentiated
terminally
Agranulocytes are ______ differentiated
non terminally
what cells are included within the granulocytes
- basophils
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
what is the function of basophils
- what are they similar to?
- what reaction can they cause?
- increase during allergic reactions
- similar to mast cells
- can cause anaphylactic shock
what is the function of neutrophils
increase during bacterial infections
what is the function of eosinophils
increase during parasitic infection
what is included within the agranulocytes?
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
what is the function of RBCs
carry 02 and C02 and nutrients to the body
what is the role of platelets
- play a role in hemostasis
- blood clot formation
- coagulation
which cells are not agranulocytes
granulocytes ( neutrophils, baso, eosin) , RBCs , platelates
what are RBCs also called
erithrocytes
what is another word for platlets
thrombocytes
what type of differentiation do cells produced by the bone marrow have?
Non terminally differentiated
what cells are terminally differentiated what cells are included within this category
granulocytes
» neutrophil
» basophil
» eosinophil
what does it mean to be terminally differentiated
- what is an example
- no more differentiation once produced no more division
ex) once neutrophils are produced even they dont do their job they will not differentiate into another cells and they DONT divide
how many nuclei and organelles do RBCs have
none - anucleate
no organells
dead when they enter the blood stream
what type of differentiation do RBCs and platlets have
terminal differentiation
what type of differentiation do lymphocytes and monocytes exhibit
non terminal differentiation
what do monocytes differentiate into
tissue specific macrophages
what does it mean to be non terminally differentiated
can differentiate
what do monocytes differentiate into?
tissue specific macrophages
what are the two types of lymphocytes and where do they mature?
- B-lymphocytes - mature in the bone marrow
- T- lymphocytes mature in the thymus
what does maturation of B and T lymphocytes mean
gaining immunocompetence
what do B lymphocytes differentiate into?
plasma cells after leaving the bone marrow
What do T- lymphocytes differentiate into?
T helper cells
what is the difference between monocytes and lymphocytes interms of differentiation
monocyte can differentiate and lymphocytes can differentiate and proliferate
what are the first cells to step in when blood vessels are wounded
platelets
what are the steps of platelet aggregation
- when disruption to the endothelium occur platelet glycocolax adhere to collagen
- platelets secrete a special glycoprotein which induce further platelet aggregation
- fibrinogen and other proteins released from plasma give rise to fibrin that traps RBCs and forms clots
what is the precursor of platelets
megakaryocytes
what is the largest cell in the bone marrow following the adipocytes
megakaryocytes
what is hematopoesis
- the formation of cellular blood components from hematopoietic stem cells
- the production of RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, and agranulocytes from bone marrow
what is the proccess of hematopoesis
- hematopoiesis gives rise to many different cell lines
- when the cell lines differentiate:
- nuclei shrink
- chromatin condenses
- nuclei become polymorphic
what are the 2 lines of cells hematopoiesis gives rise to and what is included in these lines?
- myleoid line - erythroblasts, thromboblasts, granulocytes, monocytes
- lymphoid line - B and T lymphocyte and natural killer cells
what cells have extreme nuclei polymorphism
nucleus of megakaryocyte and neutrophils made of 3-5 lobes
what cells are formed during hematopoesis
- erythroropoesis
- thrombogenesis
- leukopoesis
- erythroropoesis ( erthrocytes)
- thrombogeneisis ( platelets)
- ## leukopoesis ( granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells)
what are the two lines in hematopoesis that contribute to leukopoesis
- myleoid line»_space; granulocytes , monocytes
- lumphoid line» lymphocytes ( b&t), natural killer cells
what is unique about the thromobopoetic line? (2)
- only line that doesnt mature, just breaks down
- nuclei become polymorphic
what is one of the precursors of RBCs where hemoglobin synthesis is very robust
basophilic erythroblast
what is the most important precursor to RBCs that needs to be provided during bone marrow transfusion
- why?
basophilic erythroblasts
- hemoglobin synthesis and other cells that are further along in the differentiation cant produce it
what is the final differentiation before erythrocytes are formed?
which organelles do they have?
reticulocytes - dont have nucleus but do have polysomes
when can you tell what granulocytes will become during their progression
one cant tell if they will become neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils until they are mylocytes.
- Promyelocyte differentiation
what is sickle disease
- disease of the erythrocytes caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin.
- erithrocytes cant pass easily trough the capillaries bc of the sickle form
what does sickle cell disease cause a immunity to
malaria
