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histo exam 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What type of mucosa does the oral cavity have?
- what type of epithilia is it made up of

A
  • mucosa and submucosa
  • non kertainized simple sqamous epithelium
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2
Q

what are the types of papillae on the tongue (4)

A
  • Filaform
  • fungiform (mushroom shaped)
  • foliate
  • Circimvallate (vallate)
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3
Q

Which of these contain taste buds which have the most taste buds

A
  • all except filaform ( mechanical-highly keratinized)
  • Vallate has the most ( many sensory nerve)
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4
Q
  • what role does saliva have in the papillae
  • how does the saliva get to the taste buds? what does it prevent?
A
  • have chemicals that provide taste
  • through invaginations that are continuously flushed by new saliva to prevent the proliferation of bacteria
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5
Q

What are the glands are responsible for the continuous flushing of the tastebud invaginations

A

ebners gland- minor salivary glands that only produce serous fluid

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6
Q

how does ebners gland compare to other salivary glands

A
  • they are serous glands
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7
Q

what are the layers of the digestive tract ( interior to exterior)

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia
  • mesentary
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8
Q

what are the charecteristics of the mucosa(4)

A

adjacent to the lumen
- consists of an epithelial lining
- underlying lamina propia
- muscularis mucosae separating mucosa from submucosa

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9
Q

what are the charecteristics of the submucosa (2)

A
  • made of hight distensible CT
  • contain meisner plexus&raquo_space; Autonomic nerves» helps with blood flow
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10
Q

what are the characteristics of the muscularis externa (3)

A
  • smooth muscle oriented in different directions
  • inner-circular and outer longitudinal layer facilitates the movement of food
  • myenteric (Auerbach) plexus&raquo_space; ANS
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11
Q

what are the characteristics of the adventia
what is the funciton
Where is it present ? What does it turn into?

A
  • secures organs to the surrounding tissues
  • located where the tract is not covered by a cavity ( mesothelium)
  • only loose Ct
  • converts to serosa in the abdominal cavity ( mesothelium + loose CT)
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12
Q

what is the serosa how is different than adventita(2)

A
  • lined by mesothelium that is continous along the mesentaries
  • mesentaries are continuous with the perotinium
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13
Q

what are the charecteristics of the mesentary (4
What is the function

A
  • not technically a layer of the GI tract
  • attaches digestive organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen
  • the double layer of the peotineum
  • organs with this layer are intraperitoneal (most organs) and those without are retroperitoneal
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14
Q

what is the perotineum

A
  • sac that contains some of the digestive organs
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15
Q

Where is the esophogus located
- what is it not lined by and why

A
  • in the thorasic cavity NOT in the abdominal cavity
  • not lined by the perotinium bc not in the abdominal cavity
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16
Q

what is lined by in thorasic vs abdominal cavity

A
  • in the thoracic lined by adventia in the abdominal by serosa
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17
Q

how many sections is the esophogus made up of what is included in these sections? what type of control is it under

A

Upper ⅓: Skeletal muscle
Middle ⅓: Skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower ⅓: Smooth muscle
- involuntary

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18
Q

what type of epithelial lining makes up the esophogus

A
  • nonkertanized stratified squamous epithelium in the upper and middle third (most of the esophogus)
  • simple columnar in the lower third to the anal canal ( where the esophogus connects to the stomach)
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19
Q

what does the mucosa of the digestive system include

A

-epitheliul lining
- lamina propia
- muscularis mucosa&raquo_space; seperates muscosa from submucosa

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20
Q

what glands does the lamina propia in the mucosa of the esophogus contain

A
  • many different glands - cardiac glands
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21
Q

which layers of the esophogus contain vascularization

A
  • lamina propia ( mucosa)
  • submucosa
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22
Q

how do submucosal glands compare to mucosal

A

theyre larger

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23
Q

what is responsible for the inervation of the esophogus and where is it located?
- what does it regulate

A
  • meisner plexus, submucosa
  • blood flow and secretions from the glands
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24
Q

what is the system of the digestive system

A

enteric system

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25
Q

What are the subsections of the innervation of the digestive tract.
- what are their locations and functions

A
  • Myenteric plexus between inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa and regulates smooth muscle contraction
  • Meissner plexus in the submucosa and regulates glandular secretion and blood flow
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26
Q

how are the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS asscociated with the digestive tract

A
  • Parasympathetic nerve fibers activate physiologic digestive process
  • Sympathetic nerve fibers are mainly inhibitory of digestive processes
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27
Q

What is the function of the stomach and what type of epithelium lines it

A
  • primary site of digestion of nutrients
  • simple columnar
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28
Q

what are the 4 reigons of the stomach?

A
  • fondus
  • cardia
  • body
  • pylorus
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29
Q

what are the folds in the stomach called and what mucosa do they contain
- what happens to them as the stomach expands

A
  • rugae- mucosa and submucosa
  • flatten as stomach expands
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30
Q

what are the shallow invaginations of stomach?
- what type of mucosa is present
- what do they secrete
what is the function of the secretion

A
  • gastric pits with tubular gastric glands
  • contain surface mucous cells
  • highly alkaline carbonate and mucous
  • preotect lining from low ph of stomach / neutralize low ph
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31
Q

what do the glands of the stomach secrete where do these glands pass through?

A
  • mucus , acid , digestive enzymes
  • extend into the muscularis mucosa so pass through entire lamina propia
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32
Q

where are cardiac glands located and what is the function

A
  • esophogeal orifice
  • mucus secreting
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33
Q

where are the gastric glands what is the functions

A
  • body and fundus
  • most developed and most numerous
  • mixed secretions of mucus, acid, enzymes
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34
Q

where are the pyloric glands what is the function

A
  • pyloric area close to the duodenum
  • mostly mucus secreting
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35
Q

what are the 5 cell types of the gastric glands

A
  • Surface mucosa
  • mucosa neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • G cells
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36
Q

what is the function of the surface mucosa

A

Secrete alkaline fluid (carbonate) to protect epithelium

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37
Q

what is the function of mucous neck cells
- what is their life span what are they replaced by

A
  • Secretes acid (HCl) to reduce pH of stomach
  • Live and die quickly, replaced by stem cells that migrate to the neck of the gland from the base of the pit
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38
Q

what is the function of the parietal cells

A
  • Secretes intrinsic factor and HCl
  • Have receptors for gastrin
  • Controlled by ANS
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39
Q

what happens if parietal cells are damaged

A

No secretion of intrinsic factor = no absorption of vitamin B12 = subacute combined degeneration

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40
Q

what is the function of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

41
Q

what is the function of G cells

A
  • secretes gastrin
  • Stimulates the production of HCl by parietal cells
42
Q

what are the chief and parietal cells innervated by?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • have receptors for ACH ( parasympathetic)
43
Q

what are parietal cells triggered by/ have receptors for?

44
Q

how do the enteroendocrine cells play a role in the glands

A
  • secrete in the interstium NOT the lumen
  • triggers release of gastrin which trigers parietal cells
45
Q

what are the 2 different salivary glands

A
  • spherical acini - serous
  • Tubular acini - mucous
46
Q

what are the dutcs of the salivary glands

A
  • intercalated
  • striated
  • excretory
47
Q

which ducts are the most important in the salivary glands

A
  • They modify the primary saliva the most
  • Na and Cl are reabsorbed by the cells that line the striated ducts
  • K and bicarbonate is secreted
48
Q

How does Na leave the the cells in the striated ducts?
what does this require?
Where is it located within the duct?

A
  • leaves via active transports by pumps. requires mitochondria for ATP production that are in the epithelial basal membrane of striated ducts invaginations
49
Q

what is the organization duct of mitochondria in striated ducts

A
  • parallel rows of elongated mitochondria
50
Q

what organ does not have striated ducts? what does it have?

A

pancreas - intercalated , excretory ducts
(also doesnt have myoepithilial cells)

51
Q

Intercalated ducts:
location
what they secrete
what component of saliva

A
  • at the lowest part of the neck of the glands
  • antibacterial substances
  • part of the component of primary saliva
52
Q

What are the major oral salivary glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
53
Q

what are the charecteristics of the parotid gland

A
  • serous fluid only
54
Q

what autoimmune disease can affect the parotid and submandibular glands?
- sympotoms (4)

A
  • Xerostemia: dry mouth disease casued by attack of these glands
  • extreme swelling of parotid galnds
  • Causes tongue dilapidation,
  • candidiasis infection,
  • severe caries and periodontal disease
55
Q

what are the characteristics of the submandibular glands

A
  • mixed acini ( serous demilunes ( on the periphery) and mucus ( in the center) )
56
Q

what are the charecterisitcs of the sublingual glands

A
  • mostly mucus ( some serous
57
Q

minor salivary glands
- where are they located
- what do they secrete
- what is their function

A
  • in lateral portion of the hard palate
  • secrete mucus and immunogobulins
  • ative at night to keep mouth moist
58
Q

what of the minor salivary are serous

A

lingual serous - Von Ebners gland

59
Q

what are the nutrient absorbing cells of the large and small intestine

A
  • enterocytes
60
Q

what is the boarder of the small intestine

A
  • brush boarder
61
Q

what are the regions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejnunum
ileum

62
Q

what part of the small intestine has brunners glands? what types of glands are they

A
  • duodenum
  • mucous glands that penetrate to the muscularis mucosae
63
Q

what is the function of the brunners gland in the duodenum? How does this affect the pancreas

A
  • secrete peptide hormone ( urogastrone) that inhibits HCL secretion from parietal cells ( raises ph of the small intestine)
  • pancreas secrets it’s enzymes at a higher ph
  • provides the base of the crypts of lieberkuhn
64
Q

what do crypts of lieberkuhn do?

A
  • replace the gastric glands
65
Q

what is the charecteristic of the villi of the duodenum.
what is the charecteristic of the villi of the jejunum?
what is the charecteristic of the villi in the ileum

A
  • shortest villi
  • longest vili
  • club chaped
66
Q

what type of villi does the alrge intestine have?

67
Q

Jejunum:
- what is wrapped by what is the function
- what macromolecule is absorbed where does it circulate
- what does it contain in the lamina propia of the villi

A
  • Wrapped in extensive capillaries so that digested material enters the blood and is processed immediately by the liver
  • Lipids absorbed are circulated in lymphatic system
  • Contains lacteals in the lamina propria of villi
68
Q

what are lacteals

A

lymphatics of the small intestine

69
Q

what cells are present in the illium

A
  • peyers patches
  • must paneth patches
70
Q

what are the charecteristics of the peyers patches

A
  • Part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
  • Large lymphoid nodule aggregates
  • Underly the epithelial M cells
71
Q

what are the charecteristicsof the paneth cells :
- location
- what do they produce
- what do they present

A
  • sit on the base of crypts
  • produce lyzozymes to regulate microenvironment of bacteria ( not too many )
  • antigen presenting
72
Q
  • what nutrients does the large intestine absorb
  • what does it secrete
A
  • Absorbs water, electrolytes, bile salts, and some vitamins
  • mucus for lubrication
73
Q

what type of metablosim occur in the large intestine

A

bacteria metabolism

74
Q

what does the large intestine not have

A

villi or paneth cells

75
Q

Ascedning and descedning sections of the large intestine are _________peritoneal
- what does this mean

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • Not covered by mesentery layer, only adventitia
    Not connected to posterior abdominal wall
76
Q

what are the functions and charecteristics of the appendix (3)

A
  • Resists bacterial infection
  • Has roles in immune function and is part of MALT
77
Q

where are lacteals present

A
  • small intestine, lamina propia of villi, villi ( these could all be answer options but they mean the same thing)
78
Q

what components of the digestive tract provide protection?

A
  • secretion of brunners glands
  • MALT
  • appendix
  • peyers patch
  • paneth cells
  • M cells - trancytosis bacteria and pass them to antigen presenting cells
79
Q

what occurs if you dont have paneth cells

A

the pathogenic bacteria poliferate

80
Q

what is absorbed by the small intestine

A

amino acids, sugar, lipid

81
Q

which cells are only present in the pancreas
- what do they secrete what is it similar to?

A

-centroacinar cells
- secrete bicarbonate that alkalinizes secretion of acini- ( Similar to inercalated ducts )

82
Q

what does the pancreas secrete

A

insulin and glucagon through endocrine secretion ( islets of langerhans)

83
Q

what is the function of the liver

A
  • filters the absorbtion of small intestine and absorbed by hepatocytes
  • produces bile - help with uptake of fats
84
Q

what are the steps of hepatic venous portal system

A
  • Hepatic arteries bring oxygen and hypatic portal vein nutrients to the liver
  • Blood flows through the sinusoidal capillaries in the portal triad of the hepatic lobules
  • Central veins of lobules merge together and drain blood via the hepatic vein
85
Q

what is the difference between the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein

A
  • hepatic portal vein carries nutrient rich blood from the intestine
  • hepatic vein carries D02 blood from the liver to the vena cava
86
Q

what is the space of disse

A
  • in the liver- boardered by endothelial cells of sinusoids and hepatocytes.
    -it allows for the hepatocytes to get intouch with the blood and and absorb and process nutrients, and release them
87
Q

what is the hepatic lobule (liver)
- what does it contain
- where does it drain blood
- what function do hepatocytes have here

A
  • contains portal triad- which contains bile duct , hepatic arteriole, portal vein
  • Drains blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the hepatic or central vein
  • Hepatocytes have an endocrine function here as blood flows past them
88
Q

portal lobule: (LIVER)
- what does it drain
- what function on hepatocytes have here

A
  • Drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct
  • Drain in a triangular form to the bile
  • Hepatocyte have an exocrine function here
89
Q

what is the function of hypatic acini (LIVER

A
  • Organization for oxygenation of hepatocytes
  • Most oxygenated near portal triads (hepatic arteriole supplies blood)
  • Least oxygenated at central vein
90
Q

what do kupfer cells and stellate cells do?

A
  • Stellate cells store vitamin A in small lipid droplets
  • Kupffer cells detect and phagocytose old RBCs
91
Q

what is the funciton of the gall bladder what does it absorb and why
- what can these absorbed materials cause

A
  • stores / acumalates (concentrated)bile
  • absorbs water and electrolytes to maintain bile
    can cause stones
92
Q

The gall bladder is ____ muscular.
why? what is very developed bc of this

A
  • highly muscular
  • contraction of bile into the duodenus
  • so muscualris externa is very developed
93
Q

Gall bladder _____ have submucosa

94
Q

how does the gallbladder dilate and contract back

A
  • via mucosal folds that are present when the gall bladder is contracting and when its filled with bile
95
Q

what originates from the neural crest

A
  • the pns
  • tactile receptors
  • meisner corpuscles
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • nerve endings in the epidermis
  • melanocytes
96
Q

what is the ecto mechansym

A
  • gives rise to structures in the head and neck
97
Q

where do pdl and odontoblasts and enamel origins

A
  • pdl and odnotoblasts - neural crest
  • enamel - ameloblast origin in the oral surface ectoderm
98
Q

where are lamelated corpuscles and dentin origin

A

nerural crest

99
Q

What plexus makes up the enteric system

A

Meisner&raquo_space; submucosal plexus
Auerbach&raquo_space; muscularis externa&raquo_space; myenteric plexus

histo exam 2 (5 decks)

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