cardio vascular system

Question 1

what are the coranaries

Answer 1

the muscular arteries that bring 02 blood back to the outer layer of the heart, the epicardium

Question 2

The coronaries are the _____ of the heart

Answer 2

vaso vasorum

Question 3

what can coronaries be affected by?

Answer 3

atheroscelrosis

Question 4

what is the mechanism of arthrosclerosis

Answer 4

• results in the obstruction of the lumen of the blood vessels
• LDL damages the endothelium of blood vessels ( coroanaries)
• this leads to the deposition of arthrosclerotic plaques and thrombus formation

Question 5

what does arthrosclerosis lead to

Answer 5

heart attack

Question 6

what does the vaso vasorum ( coranaries) in the heart correspond to ?

Answer 6

vaso vasorum of the blood vessels

Question 7

what structure does the endocardium in the heart correspond to in the arteries

Answer 7

tunica initma

Question 8

what structure does the myocardium of the heart correspond to in the arteries

Answer 8

Tunica media

Question 9

what structure in the epicardium correspond to in the arteries

Answer 9

tunica adventitia

Question 10

what do the synthetic smooth muscles in the media produce

Answer 10

• they are secretory and produce the ECM that is part of the interior parts of the blood vessel wall in the media

Question 11

what are the features of the pericytes (2)

Answer 11

• they are capable when necessary to differentiate into smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells
• they share the basement membrane with the endothelial cells

Question 12

what type of differentiation does do pericytes have

Answer 12

non terminal differentiation

Question 13

how are pericytes attached to endothelial cells

Answer 13

by attachment junctions NOT tight junctions

Question 14

what are the three types of capillaries

Answer 14

• Sinusoidal
• fenestrated
• continuous

Question 15

what are the characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries

Answer 15

• large diameter
• discontinuous basement membrane
• found in organs where exchange of macromolecules occurs rapidly
• even cells can pass through

Question 16

which organs can you find sinusoidal capillaries

Answer 16

bone marrow, liver, spleen

Question 17

what is path of sinusoidal capillaries in the liver what are they boarded by

Answer 17

• ## blood exits trhough the perisinusoidal space borarded on one side by endothelial cells of the cappillaries and on the other by hepatocytes

Question 18

what are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries (3)

Answer 18

• squamous cells linked by tight junctions
• small perforations ( fenestrations) allow diffusion accross the membrane
• found in areas where diffusion is high to and from the blood

Question 19

where can you find fenestrated capillaries

Answer 19

endocrine glands, intestinal walls, choroid plexus

Question 20

what are the characteristics of continuous capillaries (3)

Answer 20

• only allow diffusion through simple squamous epithelium
• gases and nutrient only
• most common type of capillary

Question 21

where can you find continuous capillaries

Answer 21

brain and muscles

Question 22

what are the layers of the heart

Answer 22

• endocardium
• myocardium
• epicardium

Question 23

what are the characteristics of the endocardium (3)
- what type of CT is the subendocardial layer
What part is the heart is it thicker in

Answer 23

• Endothelial layer with underlying dense connective tissue
• Subendocardial layer is loose connective tissue. (Contains small blood vessels, nerves, and purkinje fibers.)
• Thicker in atria than in ventricles

Question 24

what is the function of purkinjee fibers

Answer 24

• are the electrical conductance fibers in the heart that relay signals between nodes and chambers
• They are modified cardiomyocytes

Question 25

where are the purkinjee fibers located in the heart

Answer 25

subendocardial layer

Question 26

what are the characteristics of the myocardium

Answer 26

- Bulk of heart wall - Left ventricle myocardium is thicker than the right ventricle. Both ventricles have thicker myocardium than the atria has.

Question 27

what are the characteristics of the epicardium

Answer 27

- Has two layers (unlike the adventitia) - Loose fatty connective tissue. (This is definitely part of the heart itself) - External mesothelial lining (Can be considered as more part of the pericardium)

Question 28

what is the sac like structure in which the heart sits - what is its function

Answer 28

- pericardium - prevents friction when the heart beats

Question 29

what are the two layers of the pericardium - what does the visceral layer correspond to?

Answer 29

- the parietal and visceral layer - the visceral layer corresponds to the epicardium of the heart

Question 30

what is the pericardium lined by

Answer 30

- simple squamous epithelium - mesothelium

Question 31

what does the simple squamous epithelium also line? why?

Answer 31

the epicardium because the visceral layer of the the pericardium is the epicardium

Question 32

what are the purkinjee fibers responsible for in the heart

Answer 32

part of the conduction, modified cardiomyocytes

Question 33

what do cardiomyocytes correspond to in blood vessels?

Answer 33

smooth muscle cells

Question 34

how do cardiomyocytes contract?

Answer 34

involuntarily, chaotically, synchronized contraction

Question 35

what structures mediate the contractions of the heart?

Answer 35

SA and AV nodes

Question 36

what is considered the pace maker of the heart

Answer 36

the SA node

Question 37

what do SA nodes do?

Answer 37

- stimulates contraction of the right and left atrium

Question 38

where is the SA node impulse carried to ?

Answer 38

The AV node

Question 39

what does the AV node do where is it located? - where does it send impulses to ?

Answer 39

- located in the floor of the right atrium - creates a delay in the contraction of the ventricles - sends impulses to the the bundle of His

Question 40

what are the high and low pressure paths of the circulatory system

Answer 40

- high pressure = arteries - low pressure = veins

Question 41

what vasculature regulates and determines the blood pressure

Answer 41

the arteries

Question 42

what are the functions of veules

Answer 42

- drain the capillary bed - site of leukocyte exit from vasculature

Question 43

if someone has high BP what can be wrong?

Answer 43

something may be wrong with the arterioles

Question 44

what are the 2 types of circulation in the body and what are their functions

Answer 44

systemic - circulation to the body pulomnary- circulation to the lungs for the o2 of blood

Question 45

what do pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins carry?

Answer 45

- pulmonary arteries = Do2 blood - pulmonary veins - o2 blood

Question 46

what triggers arthrioscelrosis

Answer 46

- the damage of the endothelium by the LDL (cholesterol)

Question 47

what causes blood flow to the dental pulp to decrease

Answer 47

the activation of the sympathetic response which causes the release of norepinepherine and neuropeptide Y and thus reduced blood flow in the dental pulp

Question 48

what activates the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 48

fear,

Question 49

what is the function of the arteriole venous shunt in the dental pulp

Answer 49

its not know so this will not be an answer to any question regarding the dental. pulp

Question 50

what are the layers of the walls of arteries and veins?

Answer 50

- tunica intima - tunica media - tunica adventia - vaso vasorum

Question 51

what are the charecteristics of the tunica intima (4)

Answer 51

- Simple squamous epithelium layer which rests on a basal lamina. - Subendothelial loose connective tissue layer. (Contains some smooth muscle cells) - Internal Elastic Lamina borders between the intima and media. - Fenestrated to allow for diffusion and is prominent in muscular arteries.

Question 52

what are the charecteristics of the tunica media (2)

Answer 52

- Smooth muscles. (Thicker in arteries.) - External elastic lamina

Question 53

which of the tunicas have the most elastic lamina

Answer 53

tunica media of the elastic arteris

Question 54

what are the charecteristics of the tunica adventia Where is it located

Answer 54

- Sits between media and vasa vasorum - In larger arteries, contains a supply of microvasculature with oxygen and nutrients

Question 55

what is the function of the vaso vasorum in the blood vessels

Answer 55

- Distributes nutrients from tunica adventitia - Function the same way as coronary arteries (bring oxygen and nutrients to muscles

Question 56

why is the tunica media important in pathology

Answer 56

because anything that affects elastin material production will affect them

Question 57

what is marfans syndrome and what does it affect

Answer 57

effects the elastic deposition and this damages elastic arteries and tunica media

Question 58

what is the comparison between elastic arteries vs muscular arteries?

Answer 58

elastic arteries - are larger and contain more elastic fibers ( ex: aorta) muscular arteries- further from the heart and have more smooth muscle

Question 59

how many layers of cells do capillaries have

Answer 59

a single layer of endothelial cells

Question 60

what side is the hydrostatic pressure highest and lowest in cappilaries

Answer 60

- on the arteriole side - low on the venous side