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histo exam 2 > cardio vascular system > Flashcards

cardio vascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the coranaries

A

the muscular arteries that bring 02 blood back to the outer layer of the heart, the epicardium

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2
Q

The coronaries are the _____ of the heart

A

vaso vasorum

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3
Q

what can coronaries be affected by?

A

atheroscelrosis

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4
Q

what is the mechanism of arthrosclerosis

A
  • results in the obstruction of the lumen of the blood vessels
  • LDL damages the endothelium of blood vessels ( coroanaries)
  • this leads to the deposition of arthrosclerotic plaques and thrombus formation
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5
Q

what does arthrosclerosis lead to

A

heart attack

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6
Q

what does the vaso vasorum ( coranaries) in the heart correspond to ?

A

vaso vasorum of the blood vessels

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7
Q

what structure does the endocardium in the heart correspond to in the arteries

A

tunica initma

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8
Q

what structure does the myocardium of the heart correspond to in the arteries

A

Tunica media

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9
Q

what structure in the epicardium correspond to in the arteries

A

tunica adventitia

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10
Q

what do the synthetic smooth muscles in the media produce

A
  • they are secretory and produce the ECM that is part of the interior parts of the blood vessel wall in the media
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11
Q

what are the features of the pericytes (2)

A
  • they are capable when necessary to differentiate into smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells
  • they share the basement membrane with the endothelial cells
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12
Q

what type of differentiation does do pericytes have

A

non terminal differentiation

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13
Q

how are pericytes attached to endothelial cells

A

by attachment junctions NOT tight junctions

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14
Q

what are the three types of capillaries

A
  • Sinusoidal
  • fenestrated
  • continuous
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15
Q

what are the characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • large diameter
  • discontinuous basement membrane
  • found in organs where exchange of macromolecules occurs rapidly
  • even cells can pass through
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16
Q

which organs can you find sinusoidal capillaries

A

bone marrow, liver, spleen

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17
Q

what is path of sinusoidal capillaries in the liver what are they boarded by

A
  • ## blood exits trhough the perisinusoidal space borarded on one side by endothelial cells of the cappillaries and on the other by hepatocytes
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18
Q

what are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries (3)

A
  • squamous cells linked by tight junctions
  • small perforations ( fenestrations) allow diffusion accross the membrane
  • found in areas where diffusion is high to and from the blood
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19
Q

where can you find fenestrated capillaries

A

endocrine glands, intestinal walls, choroid plexus

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of continuous capillaries (3)

A
  • only allow diffusion through simple squamous epithelium
  • gases and nutrient only
  • most common type of capillary
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21
Q

where can you find continuous capillaries

A

brain and muscles

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22
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of the endocardium (3)
- what type of CT is the subendocardial layer
What part is the heart is it thicker in

A
  • Endothelial layer with underlying dense connective tissue
  • Subendocardial layer is loose connective tissue. (Contains small blood vessels, nerves, and purkinje fibers.)
  • Thicker in atria than in ventricles
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24
Q

what is the function of purkinjee fibers

A
  • are the electrical conductance fibers in the heart that relay signals between nodes and chambers
  • They are modified cardiomyocytes
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25
Q

where are the purkinjee fibers located in the heart

A

subendocardial layer

26
Q

what are the characteristics of the myocardium

A
  • Bulk of heart wall
  • Left ventricle myocardium is thicker than the right ventricle. Both ventricles have thicker myocardium than the atria has.
27
Q

what are the characteristics of the epicardium

A
  • Has two layers (unlike the adventitia)
  • Loose fatty connective tissue. (This is definitely part of the heart itself)
  • External mesothelial lining (Can be considered as more part of the pericardium)
28
Q

what is the sac like structure in which the heart sits
- what is its function

A
  • pericardium
  • prevents friction when the heart beats
29
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium
- what does the visceral layer correspond to?

A
  • the parietal and visceral layer
  • the visceral layer corresponds to the epicardium of the heart
30
Q

what is the pericardium lined by

A
  • simple squamous epithelium - mesothelium
31
Q

what does the simple squamous epithelium also line? why?

A

the epicardium because the visceral layer of the the pericardium is the epicardium

32
Q

what are the purkinjee fibers responsible for in the heart

A

part of the conduction, modified cardiomyocytes

33
Q

what do cardiomyocytes correspond to in blood vessels?

A

smooth muscle cells

34
Q

how do cardiomyocytes contract?

A

involuntarily, chaotically, synchronized contraction

35
Q

what structures mediate the contractions of the heart?

A

SA and AV nodes

36
Q

what is considered the pace maker of the heart

A

the SA node

37
Q

what do SA nodes do?

A
  • stimulates contraction of the right and left atrium
38
Q

where is the SA node impulse carried to ?

A

The AV node

39
Q

what does the AV node do where is it located?
- where does it send impulses to ?

A
  • located in the floor of the right atrium
  • creates a delay in the contraction of the ventricles
  • sends impulses to the the bundle of His
40
Q

what are the high and low pressure paths of the circulatory system

A
  • high pressure = arteries
  • low pressure = veins
41
Q

what vasculature regulates and determines the blood pressure

A

the arteries

42
Q

what are the functions of veules

A
  • drain the capillary bed
  • site of leukocyte exit from vasculature
43
Q

if someone has high BP what can be wrong?

A

something may be wrong with the arterioles

44
Q

what are the 2 types of circulation in the body and what are their functions

A

systemic - circulation to the body
pulomnary- circulation to the lungs for the o2 of blood

45
Q

what do pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins carry?

A
  • pulmonary arteries = Do2 blood
  • pulmonary veins - o2 blood
46
Q

what triggers arthrioscelrosis

A
  • the damage of the endothelium by the LDL (cholesterol)
47
Q

what causes blood flow to the dental pulp to decrease

A

the activation of the sympathetic response which causes the release of norepinepherine and neuropeptide Y and thus reduced blood flow in the dental pulp

48
Q

what activates the sympathetic nervous system

A

fear,

49
Q

what is the function of the arteriole venous shunt in the dental pulp

A

its not know so this will not be an answer to any question regarding the dental. pulp

50
Q

what are the layers of the walls of arteries and veins?

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventia
  • vaso vasorum
51
Q

what are the charecteristics of the tunica intima (4)

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium layer which rests on a basal lamina.
  • Subendothelial loose connective tissue layer. (Contains some smooth muscle cells)
  • Internal Elastic Lamina borders between the intima and media.
  • Fenestrated to allow for diffusion and is prominent in muscular arteries.
52
Q

what are the charecteristics of the tunica media (2)

A
  • Smooth muscles. (Thicker in arteries.)
  • External elastic lamina
53
Q

which of the tunicas have the most elastic lamina

A

tunica media of the elastic arteris

54
Q

what are the charecteristics of the tunica adventia
Where is it located

A
  • Sits between media and vasa vasorum
  • In larger arteries, contains a supply of microvasculature with oxygen and nutrients
55
Q

what is the function of the vaso vasorum in the blood vessels

A
  • Distributes nutrients from tunica adventitia
  • Function the same way as coronary arteries (bring oxygen and nutrients to muscles
56
Q

why is the tunica media important in pathology

A

because anything that affects elastin material production will affect them

57
Q

what is marfans syndrome and what does it affect

A

effects the elastic deposition and this damages elastic arteries and tunica media

58
Q

what is the comparison between elastic arteries vs muscular arteries?

A

elastic arteries - are larger and contain more elastic fibers ( ex: aorta)
muscular arteries- further from the heart and have more smooth muscle

59
Q

how many layers of cells do capillaries have

A

a single layer of endothelial cells

60
Q

what side is the hydrostatic pressure highest and lowest in cappilaries

A
  • on the arteriole side
  • low on the venous side

histo exam 2 (5 decks)

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