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Clin Path > Lymphocytes and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphocytes and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for Lymphocytes in dogs?

A

1,000-4,500 / microliter

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2
Q

What is the normal range for Lymphocytes in cats?

A

1,500-7,000 / microliter

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3
Q

What line of defense are Lymphocytes associated with?

A

3rd line (specific immunity)

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4
Q

True or False: Lymphocytes are not capable of phagocytosis

A

true

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5
Q

True or False: Lymphocytes are capable of recirculation

A

True

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6
Q

What is the life span of Lymphocytes?

A

weeks to months to years

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7
Q

What is Lymphocytosis?

A

increase in lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are the causes of Lymphocytosis?

A
  • epinephrine release (splenic contractions)
  • leukemia/neoplasia
  • antigenic stimulation
  • chronic inflammation
  • later stages of resolving infections
  • very young animals
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9
Q

What types of Leukemia/Neoplasia cause Lymphocytosis?

A
  • lymphoma

- lymphosarcoma

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10
Q

What is Lymphopenia?

A

decrease in lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are causes of Lymphopenia?

A
  • stress response
  • immunosuppressive drug therapy
  • immunodeficency syndromes
  • acute viral diseases
  • decreased production (bone marrow)
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12
Q

What immunosuppressive drug causes Lymphopenia?

A

tacrolimus

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13
Q

What immunodeficency syndromes cause Lymphopenia?

A
  • FIV
  • CIV
  • combined immunodeficency syndrome
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14
Q

What acute viral diseases cause Lymphopenia?

A
  • FeLV (acute stage)

- parvovirus

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15
Q

Nucleus (Lymphocyte)

A
  • round, oval
  • non segmented
  • mononuclear
  • dark purple
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16
Q

Cytoplasm (Lymphocyte)

A
  • light blue

- has a high N:C ratio

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17
Q

What is the size of a Small Lymphocyte?

A

7-9 microns

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18
Q

Cytoplasm (Small Lymphocyte)

A
  • little to no cytoplasm

- may see faint cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is the size of a Large Lymphocyte?

A

9-11 microns

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20
Q

Cytoplasm (Large Lymphocyte)

A

more abundant

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21
Q

What is a Reactive Lymphocyte?

A
  • currently being stimulated

- AKA: immunocytes, stimulated lymphocytes, activated lymphocytes

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22
Q

What is the size of a Reactive Lymphocyte?

A

15-20 microns

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23
Q

Nucleus (Reactive Lymphocyte)

A
  • large
  • dense chromatin
  • chromocenters
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24
Q

Cytolplasm (Reactive Lymphocyte)

A
  • abundant

- intense blue

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25
Q

Where are Atyplical Lymphocytes seen?

A
  • infections

- neoplasia

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26
Q

Nucleus (Atypical Lymphocytes)

A

indented or clefted

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27
Q

Cytoplasm (Atypical Lymphocytes)

A
  • irregular borders

- dark blue cytoplasmic granules (due to asynchronous development of nucleus and cytoplasm)

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28
Q

What is Lymphocytopoiesis?

A

production of lymphocytes

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29
Q

Maturation process of a T Cell

A 
PPSC
Lymphoid Stem Cell
Pre T-Cell
T-Lymphoblast
T-Prolymphocyte
T-Lymphocyte (T-Cell)
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30
Q

Maturation process of a B-Cell

A 
PPSC 
Lymphoid Stem Cell
Pre B-Cell
B-Lymphoblast
B-Prolymphocyte
B-Lymphocyte (B-Cell)
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31
Q

Where does the T-Cell mature?

A

thymus

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32
Q

Where is the T-Cell stored?

A

spleen (white pulp)

lymph nodes

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33
Q

What is the T-Cell’s role in immunity?

A
  • cell mediated immunity (in tissue)
  • use cytokines
  • enter circulation and travel to site in tissue where antigen entered
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34
Q

What % of T-Cells are in circulation?

A

70%

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35
Q

Where does the B-Cell mature?

A
  • :”Bursa Equivalent”
  • GALT: gut associated lymphoid tissue
  • bone marrow
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36
Q

Where is the B-Cell stored?

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • other lymphoid tissue
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37
Q

What is the B-Cell’s role in immunity?

A
  • humoral immunity (plasma)
  • use antibodies
  • rarely seen in circulation
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38
Q

What % of B-Cells are in circulation?

A

30%

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39
Q

Where do Natural Killer Cells mature?

A

bone marrow

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40
Q

Where are Natural Killer Cells stored?

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • lymphoid tissue
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41
Q

What is the Natural Killer Cell’s role in immunity?

A
  • non specific immunity
  • 2nd line of defense
  • effective against “traitor” cells
  • must come in direct contact with cell
  • require no activation
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42
Q

What are Memory Cells?

A
  • B or T Cells

- clones of the original lymphocyte

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43
Q

Where are Memory Cells stored?

A

survive in lymphoid tisse waiting for 2nd exposure to antigen that stimulated their formation

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44
Q

What are the parts of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • lymphatic ducts and vessels

- lymphatic tissue

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45
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the Lymphatic Tissue?

A
  • bone marrow (where all cells originate)
  • central lymphoid tissue (where lymphocytes mature)
  • peripheral lymphoid tissues (where cells are stored until needed)
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46
Q

What are Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues?

A
  • bone marrow
  • GALT
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
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47
Q

What is Plasma?

A

fluid portion of blood that carries nutrients, electrolytes, proteins, sugars, hormones etc

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48
Q

What is Lymph?

A

-comes from plasma
-primarily composed of water, electrolytes and sugars
doens’t contain large proteins like plasma

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49
Q

What are the primary functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • removal of excess tissue fluid
  • waste material transport
  • filtration of lymph
  • protein transports
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50
Q

What things get filtered out of the Lymph?

A
  • microorganisms
  • cellular debris
  • metabolic waste products
  • any foreign matter or waste material
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51
Q

What proteins does the Lymphatic System transport?

A

-enzymes
-hormones
-other proteins
(carried from the tissue of origin into blood)

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52
Q

What are the Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils
  • GALT
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53
Q

Where is the Spleen located in the body?

A
  • left side of abdomen

- near stomach

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54
Q

What are the 2 types of function of the Spleen?

A
  • Hematologic

- Lymphatic

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55
Q

What are the Hematologic functions of the Spleen?

A

-blood storage
-removal of foreign material and debris
(occurs in the red pulp)

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56
Q

What are the Lymphatic functions of the Spleen?

A

-activation and cloning of lymphocytes

occurs in the white pulp

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57
Q

True or False: The spleen is not essential for life

A

True

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58
Q

What is the #1 reason for a Splenectomy?

A

rupture/trauma

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59
Q

What is the #2 reason for a Splenectomy?

A

splenic tumors

60
Q

Where is the Thymus located?

A

mediastinum

61
Q

Where are the Tonsils located?

A
  • larynx
  • pharynx
  • intestine
  • prepuce
  • vagina
62
Q

The Tonsils are similar to the Lymph Nodes EXCEPT:

A
  • are found near mucosal surfaces
  • located at beginning of lymphatic drainage
  • have no capsule
63
Q

The GALT makes up ?% of the….

A
  • 25%

- small intestinal mucosa and submucosa (ileum)

64
Q

What is the function of the Immune System?

A

protect the animal from anything that may cause disease or damage

65
Q

How does the Immune System protect the animal?

A

recognizes “self” from “non self” and destroys “non self”

66
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

any foreign substance (solid or liquid) that is capable of inducing a specific immune response

67
Q

What is an Epitope?

A

uniquely shaped site on surface of antigen that is recognized by an antigen recptor

68
Q

What determines the shape of the Epitope?

A

amino acid sequence

69
Q

What is Pathogenicity?

A

ability of an anitgen to cause disease (how easy to get)

70
Q

What is Virulence?

A

degree of pathogenicity that an antigen can cause (how sick you get)

71
Q

What makes a “good” Antigen?

A
  • virulence and pathogenicity
  • size:bigger is better
  • foreignness
  • complexity and chemical stability
  • dose (more=more pathogenic)
  • root of administration
  • host genetics or immune status
72
Q

What is Non-Specific Immunity?

A
  • “innate immunity”
  • rapid or instantaneous in response
  • generalized
73
Q

What are the 2 type of Non Specific Immunity?

A
  • first line of defense

- second line of defense

74
Q

What are the types of First Line of Defense Immunity?

A
  • physical barriers

- chemical barriers

75
Q

What are the types of Physical Barriers?

A
  • hair (coat)
  • intact epithelium
  • mucous membranes
  • cilia
76
Q

What are the types of Chemical Barriers?

A
  • tears
  • mucus
  • saliva
  • HCL acid
  • normal flora
  • sebum/sweat
77
Q

What are the types of the Second Line of Defense Immunity?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • NK cells
  • interferons
  • complement
  • inflammatory response
78
Q

What cells can Phagocytize?

A

all WBCs except Lymphocytes

79
Q

What are the steps of Phagocytosis?

A
  • atraction
  • attachment
  • ingestion
  • fusion
  • digestion
80
Q

What cells do NK cells attack?

A

traitor cells (cells infected with virus, or have become cancerous)

81
Q

What is Perforin?

A

chemicals that NK cells release

creates holes in cell => lysis

82
Q

What are Interferons?

A

produced by host cell that have been infected by a virus

have antiviral proteins

83
Q

How do Interferons work>?

A

“interferes” with viral DNA/RNA replication and protein synthesis
responds rapidly to prevent further replication (~hrs)

84
Q

What is Complement?

A

group of inactive enzymes in plasma

activated with formation of an antigen/antibody complex

85
Q

How does Complement lyse an antigen?

A
  • complement binding sites on antbody become exposed
  • complement binds to each site and becomes activated
  • once all sites are occupid, complement fixation occurs
  • complement arranges in donut formation on antigen =>hole forms => lysis of antigen
86
Q

What are the 5 signs of Inflammation?

A 
redness
pain
swelling
heat
decreased loss of function
87
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

body’s normal response to insult or injury

88
Q

What is Infection?

A

proliferation in the body with microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites etc. )

89
Q

What is the purpose of Inflammation?

A
  • limit the spread of pathogens and ultimately destroy them
  • remove debris of damaged tissue
  • initiate healing/repair of tissue
90
Q

What is Step 1 of the Inflammatory Response?

A

Vasoconstriction

91
Q

What happens during Vasoconstriction?

A

-prevents hemorrhage
-initiates coagulation (platelet plug forms)
(~5-10min)

92
Q

What is Step 2 of the Inflammatory Response?

A

mast cell degranulation

93
Q

What happens during Mast Cell Degranulation?

A

granules are released

94
Q

Histamine

A

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

95
Q

Heparin

A 
localized anticoagulant
promotes blood flow to area
RBCs=healing
WBCs=defense
PLTs=coagulation
96
Q

Which of the 5 signs of Inflammation occurs during Step 2?

A

REDNESS

localized hyperemia

97
Q

What is Step 3 of the Inflammatory Response?

A

fluid from plasma pours into area

98
Q

What happens during Step 3?

A

enzymes, antibodies, complement, plasma proteins (clotting factors) into damaged tissues

99
Q

Which of the 5 signs of the Inflammtory Response occurs during Step 3?

A

EDEMA —> impinges on nerve endings in tissue—-> PAIN—-> LOSS OF FUNCTION

100
Q

What is Step 4 of the Inflammatory Response?

A

clot formation

101
Q

What happens during Step 4?

A

wall off area adjacent to site of injury to prevent further spread of microbes

102
Q

What is Step 5 of the Inflammatory Response?

A

neutrophils and macrophages inflitrate area

103
Q

What happens during Step 5?

A
  • removal of debris and pathogens (by phagocytosis)

- pyrogens (produced during phagocytosis)influence hypothalamus and produce pyrexia

104
Q

Which of the 5 signs of Inflammation occurs during Step 5?

105
Q

What are benefits to having Pyrexia?

A
  • promotes interferon activity
  • inhibit reproduction and replication of bacteria and viruses
  • elevates metabolic rate to accelerate rate of tissue repair
106
Q

What is Step 6 of the Inflammatory Response?

A

return to normality

107
Q

What happens during the Return to Normality?

A
  • histamine, heparin and other chemicals are diluted with influx of increased amount of fluid
  • return to normal vessel diameter and fenestrations return to normal size
108
Q

What are the 2 types of Specific Immunity?

A

cell mediated immunity

humoral immunity

109
Q

What are the properties of Specific Immunity?

A
  • initiated as a reaction to an epitope on the antigen
  • response is unique and specifically aimed against the antigen
  • memory cells are produced
110
Q

What is Cell Mediated Immunity?

A
  • product of Tcells
  • takes place in tissue
  • effective against intracellular pathogens
  • activated by macrophages
111
Q

Where do T cells become sensitized?

A

in the tissue

112
Q

What are the 3 types of “Sensitized” T Cells?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • helper T cells
  • suppressive T cells
113
Q

What are Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

(Tc)
(CD8)
(killer cells)

114
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

-attach directly to antigen (as presented by macrophage) and destroy:

115
Q

How do Cytotoxic T Cells destroy antigens?

A
  • release perforins
  • lyphotoxins
  • induce apoptosis
  • known as “lethal hit”
116
Q

What are Helper T Cells?

117
Q

What is the function of Helper T Cells?

A

secrete cytokines into surrounding tissues

118
Q

What cytokines do Helper T Cells secrete into the tissue?

A
  • interlukins

- macrophage migration factor

119
Q

Helper T Cells (interlukins)

A

chemicals that stimulate and increase activation of B cells and other T cells

120
Q

What is the function of Macrophage Migration Factor?

A

attracts, stimulates and entrapts macrophages

121
Q

What are Suppressor T Cells?

122
Q

What are the functions of Suppressor T Cells?

A
  • inhibit helper and killer T cells and stop B cells from becoming plasma cells
  • release cytokines that signal all cells involved to shut down the immune response
  • negative feedback mechanism
123
Q

What is Humoral Immunity?

A
  • product of B cells
  • GALT or Bone Marrow
  • takes place in plasma against extracellular pathogens
124
Q

What activates B Cells?

A

formation of antigen/antibody complex

125
Q

What are the 3 steps of when an Antibody attaches to an Antigen?

A
  • neutralization
  • agglutination and preciptiation
  • complement system is activated
126
Q

Neutralization

A

all active sites of antigen are bound by antibodies

127
Q

Agglutination and Precipitation

A
  • big conglomeration of antibodies and antigens => agglutination
  • particles too big for solution => precipitate out, macrophage => phagocytize
128
Q

What are the 5 Antibodies?

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
129
Q

What is IgG?

A

present in greatest quantity

makes up 75-80% of antibodies

130
Q

When is IgG produced?

A

during first exposure to antigen

131
Q

What is the production time of IgG?

132
Q

What other antibodies does IgG include?

A

newborn antibodies

133
Q

What is IgA?

A

present in bodily fluids and secretions: mucus, saliva, tears, colostrum
prevents any disease that enters through mucosal surfaces

134
Q

When is IgM produced?

A

during 2nd exposure to antigen

135
Q

What is the production time of IgM?

136
Q

What does IgM assist with?

A

activation of complement

137
Q

What is IgE?

A

associated with allergic responses

138
Q

Where is IgE present?

A

on membrane of mast cells

139
Q

What does IgE help to attract?

A

eosinophils

140
Q

What is IgD?

A

function not well known

141
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

borrowed
instant
short lived/temporary
no memory cells

142
Q

What is Aquired Immunity?

A

owned
takes 2-3 weeks to develop
long lived
have memory cells

143
Q

What is Natural Passive Immunity?

A

colostrum

transplancental

144
Q

What is Artificial Passive Immunity?

A

injection with immune serum from another animal (tetanus, antitoxic, antivenom, rabies, botulism)

145
Q

What is Natural Aquired Immunity?

A

disease (infected -> recovered)

146
Q

What is Artificial Aquired Immunity?

A

vaccination (modified live, killed, live, recombinant)

Clin Path (8 decks)

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