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Complete Blood Count Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 parts of a CBC?

A
  • Total RBC count
  • Total WBC count
  • Pack Cell Volume (PCV)
  • Total Protein
  • Hemoglobin Concentration
  • Reticulocyte count
  • RBC Indicies
  • Blood Film Evaluation
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2
Q

What are the ways to count Total RBCs?

A
  • manually
  • automated
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3
Q

How do you manually count RBCs?

A
  • hemocytometer
  • unopette
  • always in microliters!
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4
Q

How are RBCs counted automated?

A
  • CBC machine (Laser Cyte)
  • counts by size
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5
Q

What is the average size of a canine RBC?

A

7 microns in diameter

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6
Q

Where is a manual RBC counted?

A

super square

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7
Q

What is in the Unopette when counting RBCs?

A

saline

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8
Q

What is in the Unopette when counting WBCs?

A

acetic acid

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9
Q

What does acetic acid do?

A

lyses anuclear cells (RBCs)

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10
Q

Where do you count the WBCs when counting manually?

A
  • Corners
  • super square
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs?

A
  • agranulocytes
  • granulocytes
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12
Q

What does a decrease in RBCs mean?

A

anemia

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13
Q

What is the normal numbers for RBC count?

A

always in the millions

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14
Q

What are the normal numbers for WBC counts?

A

always in the thousands

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15
Q

What messes up manual counting of WBCs?

A

Nucleated RBCs

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16
Q

What can be confused for WBCs in automated counting?

A

platelet clumps

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17
Q

What does an increase in WBCs mean?

A
  • infection
  • inflammation
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18
Q

What does a decrease in WBCs mean?

A
  • immunosuppression
  • overwhelming infection (Parvo)
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19
Q

What is a PCV counting?

A

% of RBCs in a centrifuged blood sample

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20
Q

What is the only way to determine PCV?

A

manually

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21
Q

What is Serum?

A

-clear fluid that comes out of cuts

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22
Q

What does a increased PCV mean?

A

dehydration

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23
Q

What does a decrease in PCV mean?

A

anemia

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24
Q

What gives more info: PCV or Total RBC count?

A

PCV

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25
Q

What is the normal PCV range for a canine?

A

37-55%

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26
Q

What is the normal PCV range for feline?

A

30-45%

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27
Q

Does a normal PCV always mean a healthy patient?

A

no

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28
Q

What is the normal color of plasma/serum?

A
  • clear
  • straw
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29
Q

What is cloudy plasma/serum?

A
  • lipemic
  • fat=chylomicrons
  • after eating:post prandial
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30
Q

What is pink/red plasma/serum?

A

hemolyzed

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31
Q

What is creamy pink plasma/serum?

A

lipemia caused hemolysis

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32
Q

What is yellow plasma/serum?

A

icteric

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33
Q

Where do you measure a PCV?

A

below buffy coat

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34
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A
  • same as PCV
  • more accurate
  • %
  • Ratio of RBCs Vs. volume of plasma
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35
Q

What is the normal range for Total Protein?

A

6.0-7.5 g/dL

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36
Q

What is in Total Plasma Protien?

A
  • albumin
  • globulin
  • fibrinogen
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37
Q

What are Globulins?

A
  • complex group of proteins
  • includes antibodies
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38
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A
  • contains 1/3 clotting factors
  • converted to fibrin
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39
Q

What is in Total Serum Protein?

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
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40
Q

What does a decrease in Total Protein mean?

A

liver failure/disease

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41
Q

What does a increase in Total Protein mean?

A

kidney disease

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42
Q

What is Heme?

A

iron

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43
Q

What is Globin?

A

-protein (amino acids)

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44
Q

How is Hemoglobin Concentration counted manually?

A

Hemoglobinometer

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45
Q

What does a decrease in Hemoglobin mean?

A

iron deficency (anemia)

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46
Q

What is in a molecule of Hemoglobin?

A
  • 4 hemes
  • 1 globin
  • can hold 4 oxygen molecules
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47
Q

What is the Rule of Thumb for Hemoglobin Concentration?

A

= 1/3 of PCV

-ex: 36% PCV = 12g/dL (hemoglobin)

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48
Q

What is a Reticulocyte?

A
  • immature RBC
  • Pluripotent———->Reticulocyte–>Mature RBC

(right before mature)

49
Q

What are Aggregates?

A
  • contains residual DNA
  • only visible when stained with New Methylene Blue
50
Q

What is the procedure for a Reticulocyte Count?

A
  • Equal amounts of blood to New Methylene Blue
  • Red Top Tube
  • Wait 10 minutes
  • Blood Smear
  • count 1000 RBCs
51
Q

Where are Aggregates found?

A

regenerative anemia

52
Q

What does an increase in Reticulocytes mean?

A

regenerative anemia

53
Q

What type of Reticulocytes do dogs have?

A

-only Aggregates

54
Q

What animal doesn’t release Reticulocytes?

55
Q

What type of Reticulocytes do cats have?

A
  • Aggregates
  • Punctate
56
Q

What Reticulocyte do you count in cats?

A

Aggregates only

57
Q

What are Punctates?

A

almost mature Reticulocytes

58
Q

What are Polychromatophils?

A
  • darker
  • larger
59
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

variation in size

60
Q

What is Polychromasia?

A

variation in color

61
Q

What is Reticulocytosis?

A

lots of Reticulocytes in the blood

62
Q

What are the 3 RBC Indicies?

A
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
63
Q

What is Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)?

A
  • average weight of hemoglobin in RBC
  • least accurate
  • measured in picograms (pg)
64
Q

What is Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?

A
  • average volume/size of RBC in blood sample
  • measured in femtoliters (fL)
65
Q

What does a decreased MCV mean?

A

smaller than normal RBC

66
Q

What does a increased MCV mean?

A

larger than normal RBC

67
Q

What is Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)?

A
  • ratio of weight of hemoglobin in the volume in which it is contained
  • measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL)
  • most accurate
68
Q

What is a Blood Film Evaluation?

A
  • has to be done manually?
  • uses blood smear
69
Q

What can a Blood Film Evaluation do?

A
  • WBC differential count
  • Morphology observation
  • Platelet estimation
70
Q

What is a WBC Differential Count?

A
  • counts out of 100
  • counts the different WBCs
  • measured in %
71
Q

What are Relative Values?

A
  • % of each type of WBC
  • counted out of 100
  • has no clinical signifcance
  • no diagnostic value
72
Q

What are Absolute Values?

A
  • number of each type of WBC in a microliter of blood
  • diagnostic
  • 10,000 microliters
73
Q

How do you calculate Absolute Values?

A

multiplying the relative value (%) by the total WBC count

74
Q

What are Morphology Observations?

A
  • study of shape
  • RBC, WBC. Platelets
75
Q

What is observed in a Morphology Observation?

A
  • RBCs: inclusions, heinz bodies, howell jolly bodies, basophilic stippling, polychromasia, anisocytosis, polychromasia, etc
  • WBCs:Band cells, toxic neutrophils, giant neutrophils, parasites, activated cells
76
Q

What is Platelet Estimation?

A
  • used for clotting
  • for before surgery
77
Q

Where do Platelets come from ?

A
  • parent cell: Megakaryote
  • breaks into 1,000 to 5,000 segments
78
Q

How do you count Platelets?

A
  • count in 10 HPF (high powered fields)
  • everything you see in 1sq of microscope
  • 100X
  • oil immersion
  • Battlement Pattern!!
79
Q

What formula do you use to determine Platelet Estimation?

A
  • add all HPFs together
  • divide
  • multiply by 20,000
  • measured in microliters
80
Q

What are the normal numbers of Platelets?

A

Hundreds of Thousands

81
Q

What does a decrease in Platelets mean?

A

thrombocytopenia (not enough)

82
Q

What does an increase in Platelets mean?

A

Thrombocytosis (too many)

83
Q

What is the equation used for MCH?

A

(Hemoglobin / Total RBC count) X 10 = (picograms)

84
Q

What is the normal MCH range for canine?

85
Q

What is the normal MCH range for feline?

86
Q

What is the equation for MCV?

A

(PCV / Total RBCs) X 10 = fL

87
Q

What is the normal MCV range for canine?

88
Q

What is the normal MCV for feline?

89
Q

What is MCV used for?

A
  • classifying anemia (increase)
  • compare to normal range
90
Q

What is a larger than normal MCV ?

A

macrocytic

91
Q

What is a normal MCV?

A

normocytic

92
Q

What is a decrease in MCV?

A

microcytic

93
Q

What is the equation for MCHC?

A

(Hemoglobin / PCV) X 100 = g/dL

94
Q

What is the normal MCHC range for cats and dogs?

A

30-36 g/dL

95
Q

What is a decrease in MCHC?

A

hypocrhomic

96
Q

What is a normal MCHC?

A

normochromatic

97
Q

What is a increase in MCHC?

A
  • impossible
  • called artifact
98
Q

What are the 3 factors that can cause artifacts in MCHC?

A
  • hemolysis
  • Heinz bodies
  • lipemia
99
Q

What is Hyperchromasia?

A
  • excessive color
  • occurs in : nucleated RBCs, Polychromatophils
100
Q

What are the 2 Rules of Thumb?

A
  • Total RBC count is 1/6th of PCV

PCV / 6 = RBCs

-Hemoglobin concentration is 1/3 of PCV

PCV / 3 = HB

101
Q

Red Top Tube

A

Additive: Nothing

M.O.A: -allows clotting, -yields serum

Common Uses: -Clinical chemistry pannels, -sterile collection of samples

102
Q

Tiger Topped Tube

A

AKA: Mottled Red/Black

Additive: Serum Seperator

M.O.A:Seperates serum from cells

Common Uses: Clinical chemistry pannels

103
Q

Lavendar Top

A

Additive: EDTA

M.O.A: Prevents clotting by binding to calcium

Common Uses: Hematology studies

104
Q

Green Top

A

Additive: Heparin

M.O.A: Prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Common Uses: STAT chem pannels, electrolyte test, coating needles and flushing catheters

105
Q

Blue Top

A

Additive: Citrate (Sodium, Calcium, etc)

M.O.A: Binds to Calcium

Common Uses: Coagulation tests, collection of blood for transfusions

106
Q

What is the #1 choice in Chemistry Panels?

107
Q

What is the #1 choice for Hematology Studies?

108
Q

What is never used for clinical chemistry panels?

109
Q

What kind of PCV would a dehydrated animal have?

110
Q

What cells are in the Buffy Coat?

A

WBCs

Platelets

111
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

production of RBCs

112
Q

What size buffy coat would a patient with an infection have?

113
Q

What cytokine is responsible for production of RBCs?

A

erythropoietin

114
Q

What is Plasma?

A

contains clotting factors

115
Q

What is Serum?

A

no clotting factors

116
Q

What are Neubaur rulings?

A

etched lines in hemacytometer

117
Q

What is the center square on the hemacytometer?

A

super square

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