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NURS 7811 > lymphocytes and immunity > Flashcards

lymphocytes and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

immunity we are born with and is obtained by WBC phagocytosis, and is present on intact skin, stomach acids, and complement proteins

A

innate

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2
Q

immunity that occurs due to sensitization which is the resistance to an infection after the first invasion by a specific foreign organism or toxin

A

acquired

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3
Q

immunity passed down to provide temp immunity from specific antigens
ex: baby gets this from mom

A

passive

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4
Q

what are antigens

A

foreign organisms or toxins that the body recognizes as foreign

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5
Q

ex of antigens

A

carbohydrates, protein, dust, bacteria

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6
Q

where are antigens first phagocytized

A

by macrophages in lymphoid tissue then the macrophages then pass on the Ag markers (epitopes) to lymphocytes

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7
Q

specific groups of B or T lymphocytes responsive to single type of Ag after sensitization

A

clones

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8
Q

types of acquired immunity

A

humoral immunity (B lymphocytes) and Cell-mediated immunity (t lymphocytes)

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9
Q

-b lymphocytes originate in pluripotent stems cells then are preprocessed in the bone marrow and then colonize to lymphoid tissue
-produce antibodies that attack the invading organism

A

humoral immunity

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10
Q

t lymphocytes originate in pluripotent stem cells then are preprocessed in thymus gland before birth and for a few months after and then lymphoid tissue
-produce activated lymphocytes that destroy foreign invaders

A

cell-mediated immunity

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11
Q

examples of primary lymphoid tissue

A

thymus and bone marrow

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12
Q

examples of secondary lymphoid tissues

A

lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s path, waldeyer’s ring, lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes

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13
Q

are known as “battle manager” and are activated T lymphocytes

A

helper T (CD4)

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14
Q

what does Cytotoxic T (CD8) do

A

destroys antigens directly
is specific for individual antigens
responsible for rejecting transplanted tissues or organs and killing cancer cells
-uses cytotoxic and digestive enzymes

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15
Q

what type of cells are suppressor T cells

A

regulatory cells

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16
Q

t lymphocytes make up how much percent of lymphocytes

A

70 %

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17
Q

how much % of activated lymphocytes become memory cells and are preserved in lymphoid tissue as blueprint for battle against specific antigen for lymphocyte

A

5-10

18
Q

what are important in stimulating the immune response in T lymphocytes?

A

lymphokines

19
Q

what are the most numerous T lymphocytes

A

CD4 helper T cells

20
Q

when exposed to antigens, what do helper T cells excrete that stimulate the entire immune system

A

lymphokines (interferon, interleukins)

21
Q

what does HIV do the CD4 cells

A

strikes the key compound in the immune system and causes paralysis in the immune system

22
Q

suppressor T cells

A

can suppress helper t and cytotoxic t cells
moderate immune activity
makes sure our immune response does not attack our own cells

23
Q

B lymphocytes are what % of lymphocytes

A

30

24
Q

b lymphocytes action?

A

with the stimulation of lymphokines or antigen present, can change appearance and begin to divide

25
Q

plasma cells

A

are known as antibody factories and produce specific antibodies at a rate of 2,0000/s/cell

26
Q

memory cells?

A

stored B cells aimed at specific antigen
how vaccinations work against body and are developed (flu, polio, covid, hepatitis)

27
Q

igA

A

involved in secretions such as tears, saliva, and protects against topical and mucus membrane bacteria infection

28
Q

IgM

A

formed in blood reaction
foreign RBC antigen

29
Q

IgE

A

elevated in asthma or allergies, can mediate anaphylaxis, attaches to mast cells and basophils

30
Q

when antigens bind together as clumps

A

agglutination

31
Q

when antibodies cover toxic sites of antigenic agents

A

neutralization

32
Q

mechanisms of action of antibodies

A

activate complement system that destroys the invader makes up 20% of plasma proteins

33
Q

what do you call the system that 20 proteins can be activated in multiple ways to destroy the invading antigen or toxins
and amplify the effects of the immune system

A

complement system

34
Q

the proteins tend to circulate as inactive enzymes called ___

A

zymogens

35
Q

what is self tolerance autoimmunity

A

immune system can recognize a person’s own tissue as “self”

36
Q

what is molecular mimicry autoimmunity

A

a foreign antigen portrays invades the body and pretends to be one of our cells

activated t cells or ab are formed and attack against the invader but also our own cells
ex: type 1 DM , SLE, MS

37
Q

hypersensitivity reactions are

A

exaggerated or inappropriate immune response can be local (urticaria) or systemic (anaphylaxis)

antibody mediated: I (IgE triggered and non IgE triggered), II (IgG, IgM, complement-mediated), III (immune complex (Ag-Ab) response): T cell-mediated IV

38
Q

what are most frequently associated with anaphylaxis

A

muscle relaxants both depolarizing and non depolarizing

39
Q

anaphylaxis vs anaphylactoid

A

igE mediated activation of mast cells and basophils- must have a prior exposure with specific IgE generation

direct activation and degranulation of mast cells and basophils by foreign substance- non IgE, does not need prior exposure (contrast media, opioids, sulfites)

both equally life threatening

40
Q

how does HIV work

A

attaches to surface of T cells and other cells and injects RNA into R cells
T cell becomes factory for producing HIV
once helper T cell is taken over by HIV we lose a lot of the immune power in our body

41
Q

steps of HIV

A
  1. release of RNA into T cell
  2. reverse transcription- HIV RNA converted to HIV DNA
  3. HIV DNA enters nucleus and incorporated in cell DNA
    4 & 5. RNA produced and processed (proteases) for viral assembly
    6, newly made HIV released from cell and ready to infect other cells

NURS 7811 (9 decks)

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