leukocytes

Question 1

what are mobile units that work to prevent disease and infection?

Answer 1

leukocytes

Question 2

which cells destroy invading agents by phagocytosis or by releasing inflammatory substances that help destroy the offending organism

Answer 2

myelocytes

Question 3

which cells make up myelocytes?

Answer 3

granulocytes and monocytes

Question 4

which cells function in connection with the immune system, form antibodies, which also destroy the invader?

Answer 4

lymphocytes

Question 5

normal WBC count?

Answer 5

4,000-10,000 cells/mm^3

Question 6

which type of leukocytes have multiple nuclei per cell, have granules under a microscope, and are known as granulocytes?

Answer 6

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 7

where are myelocytes found/formed?

Answer 7

bone marrow

Question 8

these are known as immature macrophages which turn into tissue macrophages

Answer 8

monocytes

Question 9

these cells act on active infections by phagocytosis

Answer 9

neutrophils

Question 10

these cells have weak phagocytosis, and work against fungal diseases such as asthma and inflammation

Answer 10

eosinophils

Question 11

these cells are elevated in patients with allergies which are similar to mast cells

Answer 11

basophils

Question 12

formed and stored in bone marrow until they are needed then released into the blood
ingest invading organisms by phagocytosis and antimicrobial action

Answer 12

granulocytes and monocytes

Question 13

function as part of acquired immunity
“formed” and stored in lymph tissue (thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s patches)

Answer 13

lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 14

chemical released from inflamed tissue or foreign invader cause neutrophils and macrophages to move toward source of chemicals

Answer 14

chemotaxis

Question 15

the way motion in which neutrophils and macrophages move through tissue by the extension of pseudopods

Answer 15

ameboid motion

Question 16

the motion/process in which WBCs are squeezed through very small capillary pores towards the chemotactic source

Answer 16

diapedesis

Question 17

WBCs recognize foreign material that has been tagged by an antibody and the C3b product of the complement cascade

Answer 17

opsonization

Question 18

the complement cascade and antibodies will tag the foreign organism in order for our immune system to respond

Question 19

what do neutrophils release to destroy the pathogen once it is inside the cell

Answer 19

proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes in the phagocytic vesicle

Question 20

monocytes and macrophages are immature

Question 21

monocytes have limited ability to fight infections until they enter ___?

Answer 21

the tissues

Question 22

once monocytes enter the target tissues they become ____

Answer 22

tissue macrophages and fill with lysosomes and swell to 5x their diameter

Question 23

how long can macrophages last

Answer 23

for months to years and are the first line of defense against infection

Question 24

the monocyte-macrophage system is also called _____
a system where all tissues show phagocytic properties from tissue macrophages

Answer 24

the reticuloendothelial system

Question 25

the reticuloendothelial system consists of

Answer 25

the blood, lungs, brain, kidneys, synovial joints, spleen, lymph nodes, and liver

Question 26

in skin and subq tissues this is the first line of defense

Answer 26

histiocytes

Question 27

lymph nodes

Answer 27

tissue macrophages line lymph sinuses; trap and destroy invading organisms

Question 28

liver

Answer 28

kupffer cells destroy bacteria in portal blood from GI tract

Question 29

alveoli

Answer 29

alveolar macrophages

Question 30

spleen

Answer 30

effective at removing unwanted organisms and debris from blood (esp old or abnormal RBC)

Question 31

most numerous leukocyte
first to arrive at site of infection
second line of defense

Answer 31

neutrophils

Question 32

after they are released into the blood neutrophils (PMN) circulate for _ to _ hours and stay in the tissues _ to _ days

Answer 32

4 to 8 hours for 4 to 5 days

Question 33

release enzymes and oxygen reactive products lethal to parasites
such as
-schistosomiasis
-trichinosis (trichinella- pork worm)
-elevated in pts with type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and asthma

Answer 33

eosinophils

Question 34

after their release from the bone marrow, migrate to respiratory tract, GI tract, and superficial layers of skin

Answer 34

basophils

Question 35

basophils behave like what type of cells

Answer 35

mast cells and release histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, heparin, slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis (leukotrienes), platelet activating factor

Question 36

s/s of basophils

Answer 36

vasodilation, watery eyes, itching, urticaria, and edema

Question 37

inflammation causes

Answer 37

vasodilation
increased cap permeability which leads to edema
-leakage of cells out of blood vessels into tissues
-migration of granulocytes and monocytes and activation of tissue macrophages
-area of injury “walled off” from remaining tissue
-after several days, cavitation of necrotic tissue, dead WBC= pus

Question 38

WBC < 4000 is defined as

Answer 38

leukopenia which is the result of the depression of bone marrow function

Question 39

causes of leukopenia

Answer 39

• auto immune disease SLE (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
  -thiouricil
  -chemo agents
  -phenothiazines
  -radiation
  -anesthetic agents

Question 40

WBC < 2000- minor infection
WBC <1,000- serious infections (pneumonia, wound infections)
WBC < 500- life-threatening infections

Question 41

WBC > 10,000 is defined as

Answer 41

leukocytosis, may be caused by infection, leukemia, mononucleosis, and nonbacterial tissue injury

Question 42

a shift to the left in leukocytosis means>

Answer 42

more immature (band or blast) cells, known to be with acute infection

Question 43

shift to the right with leukocytosis means

Answer 43

abnormally large number of mature cells, occurs with chronic infections

Question 44

cancerous mutations of bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid cells (lymphogenous) are known as

Answer 44

leukemia

Question 45

leukemia is

Answer 45

uncontrolled productions of WBC and increased # in circulating blood

Question 46

in leukemia, cancer spreads and WBC produced from aberrant sites such as ___

Answer 46

spleen and liver