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Haematology > lymphocytes > Flashcards

lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the size of lymphocytes?

A

7-14 µm

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2
Q

what are some features of lymphocytes?

A
  • are non-granular
  • have a large nucleus
  • only a small amount of the cytoplasm is visible due to the size and shape of the nucleus
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3
Q

what are the three different cells that a lymphoid progenitor can form:

A
  1. B-lymphocyte
  2. T-lymphocyte
  3. Natural Killer (NK) Cell
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4
Q

what is a lymphoid progenitor (aka lymphoblast)?

A

this is a precursor to other mature blood cell types such as T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells

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5
Q

what is a natural killer cell?

A

a large granular lymphocyte

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6
Q

what type of microscope must be used to distinguish between different types of lymphocytes?

A

an electron microscope

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7
Q

where are B-cells conditioned (matured)?

A

in the Bone marrow

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8
Q

where are T-cells conditioned (matured)?

A

In the Thymus

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9
Q

what is the common progenitor cell that T and B cells share called?

A

It is called the small lymphocyte

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10
Q

what are B-lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Humoral immunity

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11
Q

what are the two cell types that B-cells can differentiate into once activated?

A
  • Plasma cells
  • Memory B-cells
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12
Q

what do plasma cells produce a lot of?

A

plasma cells produce a lot of antibodies

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13
Q

what do memory B-cells function as?

A

they function as immunological memory

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14
Q

how do antibodies travel?

A

antibodies travel via the body fluids such as blood, lymph and interstitial fluid

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15
Q

what are body fluids all known as?

A

body fluids are also known as the humours

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16
Q

what is the difference between humoral vs. cell mediated immunity

A

humoral immunity produces antigen specific antibodies and cell mediated immunity does not

17
Q

what are T-cells responsible for?

A

Cellular immunity

18
Q

what are the functions of T-helper cells?

A
  • to respond to antigen presentation by “professional” cells.
  • to help/mediate other leucocytes by secreting cytokines
19
Q

what are examples of “professional” cells?

A
  • B cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
20
Q

what are examples of T-helper cells using cytokines on other leucocytes?

A
  1. T-helper cells activating B lymphocytes
  2. T-helper cells activate macrophages
  3. T-helper cells regulate T lymphocyte action
21
Q

what is the function of T cytotoxic cells?

A

These cells respond to antigen presentation by “Non-professional” cells

22
Q

what is an example of a T-cytotoxic cells function?

A

The T-cytotoxic cell’s response to any nucleated cell that has been infected or damaged

23
Q

what are Natural Killer Cells a feature of?

A

innate (non-specific) immunity

24
Q

what are the functions of Natural Killer cells?

A
  • provide immune surveillance
  • attracted by interferon-ɑ which is secreted by infected cells
  • secrete interferon-𝛄 when they attack something to stimulate macrophages
25
Q

what is immune surveillance?

A

it is when natural killer cells travel around tissues looking for cells with abnormal plasma membranes

26
Q

How can NK cells kill infected cells?

A

By releasing perforins, which create a network of pores in the cell membrane of infected cells

27
Q

how do perforins cause infected cell death?

A

they allow the free passage of ions, proteins and other intracellular material which the infected cell needs. This means the cell cannot maintain its internal environment.

28
Q

Describe the steps for NK cells killing an abnormal cell.

A
  1. Recognition of abnormal cell and adhesion to cell
  2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus
  3. secretion of perforin
  4. Lysis of abnormal cell
29
Q

what might a high count of lymphocytes indicate?

A
  • Viral infection
  • Some leukaemia
30
Q

what might a low count of lymphocytes indicate?

A
  • prolonged illness
  • immunosuppression
  • cortisol treatment

Haematology (14 decks)

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