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Immunuology > Lymphocyte Function > Flashcards

Lymphocyte Function Flashcards

1
Q

what are all lymphocytes?

A

antigen specific

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2
Q

how is speciality achieved?

A

antigen receptor on cell surface

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3
Q

what are the B cell receptors?

A

cell surface antibody

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4
Q

what are the T cell receptors?

A

T cell receptor (TCR)

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5
Q

what are cells of the same specificity?

A

clone

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6
Q

what synthesises and secretes immunoglobulins?

A

B cells

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7
Q

what do B lymphocytes need to be secreted?

A

they need to be activated and differentiate into plasma cells

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8
Q

what is the antigen receptor on B cell?

A

the antibody that the B cell is programmed to make

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9
Q

what happens if an antigen receptor on a B cell binds to a specific antigen?

A

stimulus for B cells to divide and produce clonal expansion and differentiate

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10
Q

What are antibodies encoded by?

A

multiple gene segments

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11
Q

what are VH domains coded by?

A

3 gene segments:

  • variable
  • diversity
  • joining
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12
Q

what are VL domains coded by?

A

2 gene segments:

  • variable
  • joining
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13
Q

what other domain is there apart from VH and VL domains?

A

constant domains

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14
Q

what happens to make variations of the heavy chain?

A
  • V, D and J segements
  • DNA spliced out during early development of B cell to 0
  • produce functional V-D-J gene
  • transcription
  • splicing out
  • translation
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15
Q

what happens to make variations of the Kappa light chain?

A
  • Vk and Jk segments
  • DNA spliced out during early development of B cell
  • transcription
  • splicing out
  • translation
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16
Q

what do all B cells begin by making?

A

IgM

17
Q

Describe class switching.

A

memory cells produce IgG, IgA or IgE with same specificity

18
Q

what do T cell independent antigens produce?

A

IgM antibodies in small amounts

19
Q

what do the vast majority of antibody responses require?

A

T cells to help

20
Q

what are all T cells specific for?

A

one antigenic determinant

21
Q

Describe T cell receptors.

A
  1. Structure on T cell surface that recognises antigen
  2. Structurally related to immunoglobulin
  3. Similar complex gene structure- V,D,J,C gene segments encoding V and C regions
  4. Binds to antigenic peptide associated with MHC
22
Q

what is TCR very similar to?

A

Fab fragment of an antibody

23
Q

Describe the structure of TCR.

A 
-α and β chains are 
linked by disulphide bond
- Majority of T cells have
αβ TCR
-Minority of T cells have 
alternative, structurally 
similar TCR made up of 
different polypeptides 
designated γ and δ
-termed γδ T cells
24
Q

Why do Vα and Vβ (TCR) have hypervariable loops or CDRs?

A

responsible

for detecting antigenic peptide in combination with MHC

25
Q

what are the 2 major T cell classes?

A
  • helper T cells

- cytotoxic T cells

26
Q

what is the TCR on helper T cells associated with?

A

CD4 and CD3

27
Q

what is the TCR on cytotoxic T cells associated with?

A

CD8 and CD3

28
Q

what are CD4 and CD8 required for?

A

to make an effective response to antigen

29
Q

what do CD4 and CD8 mediate?

A

additional contacts with MHC molecules

30
Q

what connects the MHC Class II on the antigen presenting cell to the TCR on the helper T cell?

A

antigenic peptide

31
Q

what does pairing of accessory molecules do?

A

stabilises interaction

and provides co-stimulation

32
Q

what happens when T cells (helper) bind to antigen?

A

secrete growth factors (cytokines) which control immune response (These cytokines are produced in small amounts and act locally)

33
Q

Describe the response coordinated by cytokines.

A

-TH cells produce Interferon (IFN
-APC release Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
-other T cells which have recognised
Ag make IL-2
-TH cells which have bound Ag make
other growth factors

34
Q

what do some CD4+ T cells secrete?

A

-some cytokines that
favour macrophage activation and cell-mediated
responses
- Some CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

35
Q

Describe when a cell is infected with a virus (MHC class I)?

A

-Viral and cellular proteins broken down into peptides
-MHC complexes cover cell surface
-Cytotoxic T cell recognises
viral protein in MHC display as foreign and destroys cell

36
Q

what connects the MHC class I of a virus infected cell to the TCR on the cytotoxic T cell?

A

Viral peptide

37
Q

what complex bridges between virally infected cell and cytotoxic T cell?

A

TCR/MHC/CD3/CD8 complex

38
Q

what does activated Tc cell do after binding antigen?

A

-Release perforins which form pores in target cell
-Release other damaging enzymes
-Release cytokines eg TNFalpha & beeta, IFN
TNF triggers apoptosis, helped by IFN

Immunuology (10 decks)

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