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Immunuology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the need for an immune system?

A

Protection against infectious organisms

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2
Q

Name some types of infectious organisms.

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoans
  • worms
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3
Q

what are the 2 major systems of immunity ?

A
  • innate immunity

- adaptive immunity

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4
Q

what are the features of innate immunity?

A
  • “A first line of defence”
  • Present at birth
  • Responds rapidly
  • Has no specificity
  • Has no memory
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5
Q

what factors make up innate immunity?

A

Barriers, cells, soluble factors

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6
Q

What are the two types of barriers?

A
  • Physical

- Chemical

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7
Q

Name 2 physical barriers of innate immunity.

A
  1. Impermeable outer surface
    e. g. skin,epithelial cell layer lining mucosal surfaces
  2. Cilia in nasal passages and bronchi
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8
Q

Describe the physical barrier in the nasal passages.

A
  • airborne bacteria are trapped on mucus secreted by goblet cells
  • cilia waft the bacteria towards mouth and nose
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9
Q

Name 3 chemical barriers of innate immunity.

A
  1. Acidity in stomach
  2. Alkaline secretions
  3. Lysozyme in tears
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10
Q

Name a biological barrier of innate immunity.

A

Competition with commensal organisms

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11
Q

Describe the mechanisms of innate immunity in the gastrointestinal tract.

A
  • most pathogens are destroyed by the low pH of the stomach

- the few pathogens that reach the large bowel must compete with billions of harmless gut bacteria

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in innate immunity?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • NK cells
  • Eosinophils
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13
Q

Name 3 types of phagocytes.

A

Monocytes,macrophages and neutrophils

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14
Q

Give a simple description of phagocytosis.

A

A phagocyte binds to bacterium. The bacterium is engulfed in the phagocyte. The bacterium is inside a membrane bound vescicle which fuses with a lysosome which degrades the bacteria.

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15
Q

What is the role of NK cells ?

A

Kill tumour cells and virally-infected cells

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16
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Attack and kill parasites

17
Q

what are the innate immunity soluble factors?

A
  • Lysozyme
  • Complement
  • Cytokines particularly Interferons
  • Acute phase proteins (concentration goes up during infection)
18
Q

How do components of the innate system act together?

A

They cooperate together and also cooperate with the adaptive immune system

19
Q

what are the features the adaptive immune system?

A

-Slow to start
-Adaptive
-Highly specific
-Has memory
-Recognition of self and non-self
-Humoral and cellular components
that work in concert

20
Q

In humoral immunity , what are antibodies?

A
  • Specific proteins produced against pathogens

- Produced by B lymphocytes

21
Q

Describe cellular immunity..

A

Mediated by lymphocytes which recognise specific pathogenic structures called antigens

22
Q

What cells are involved in cellular immunity?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
23
Q

What is the role of Helper T cells?

A

help B cells produce antibodies

24
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

destroy own cells which have been infected eg with virus

25
Q

what does adaptive immunity provide?

A

Immunological memory

26
Q

What is the difference in the number of days for peak antibody production between 1st and 2nd response?

A
  • 10 days for 1st response and 4 days for 2nd response

- (maximum number of antibodies is much higher during the second response)

27
Q

what are the 2 roles of the immune system?

A
  • Recognition function-identifies a substance or body (antigen) as foreign
  • Effecter function -removes foreign invader
28
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance which elicits an immune response

29
Q

What are the portions recognised?

A

epitope or antigenic determinant

30
Q

What do macro-molecule contain?

A

antigenic determinants

31
Q

what are antigenic determinants recognised by?

A
  • antibodies (humoral)
  • T cells (cellular)

But these 2 systems see different ones

32
Q

Name types of antigens?

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
  • Drugs eg penicillin
  • Inorganic molecules eg nickel
33
Q

What is a key point to note about antigens?

A

They are foreign

Immunuology (10 decks)

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