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Immunuology > Cells of the immune system > Flashcards

Cells of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

where are cells of the immune system found?

A
  • Circulate in the bloodstream
  • Migrate into tissues to detect foreign antigens
  • accumulate in specialised organs to develop and differentiate
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2
Q

Name 5 white blood cells.

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Lymphocytes
  • monocyte
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3
Q

where do all cells from the immune system stem from?

A

Haemopoietic stem cell

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4
Q

what is a precursor of platelets?

A

megakaryocyte

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5
Q

what is the precursor of macrophages?

A

monocytes

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6
Q

Name 3 antigen presenting cells.

A
  • Macrophage
  • interdigitating cell
  • dendritic cell
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7
Q

what leucocytes makes up the lymphoid lineage and what is its function?

A

Lymphocytes

- involved in recognition and effector functions

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8
Q

what leucocytes makes up myeloid lineage?

A
  • Granulocytes (short lived)

- monocytes

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9
Q

Name the 3 granulocytes and their function.

A
  • Neutrophils (comprise 60-70% blood leucocytes)
  • Eosinophils (2-5% blood leucocytes)
  • Basophils (Mast cells) (<0.2% blood leucocytes)

Involved in effector function

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10
Q

what is monocytes function?

A

Involved in recognition and effector functions

Remove particulate matter e.g. microbes or aged RBC

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11
Q

How are neutrophils characterised?

A

multi-lobed nucleus

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12
Q

how do neutrophils enter tissues?

A

Adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues (diapedesis)

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13
Q

what is neutrophils predominant role?

A

phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens

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14
Q

what do neutrophil granules contain?

A

arsenal against microbes:

  • Lysosomes - acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, defensins
  • 2o granules - lactoferrin, lysozyme
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15
Q

what is the role of lactoferrin?

A

retians iron and makes into a form that the body can use

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16
Q

What type of nucleus does an eosinophil have?

A

bilobed nucleus

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17
Q

what stains many cytoplamic granules in eosinophils?

A

eosin

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18
Q

what do the crystalloid core of granules in eosinophils contain?

A

-Major basic protein
= potent toxin for helminth worms
- Eosinophil cationic protein
- Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

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19
Q

what happens when eosinophils are activated?

A

-release of granules which leads to killing of large pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed

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20
Q

what cells share characteristics with basophils but are only found in tissues?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

what are basophils and mast cells triggered by?

A

By allergens to release the contents of their granules = allergic response

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22
Q

what type of nucleus does a basophil have?

A

segmented nucleus

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23
Q

what is a mast cell’s cytoplasm packed full of?

A

granules filled with histamine and other inflammatory mediators

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24
Q

what type of nucleus does a monocyte have?

A

Horse shoe-shaped nucleus

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25
Q

Describe the contents of a monocyte.

A

Many pinocytic vesicles and lysosomal granules

26
Q

Describe lysosomes importance.

A

Lysosomes contain peroxidase and acid hydrolases – important for killing phagocytosed microorganisms

27
Q

what is the major function of macrophages?

A

disposal of microbes and

dead body cells through phagocytosis

28
Q

Name the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (macrophage like cells).

A 
Blood- monocytes
Liver- Kupffer cells
Kidney- Mesangial cells
Lungs- Alveolar macrophages
Brain- microglial cells
spleen/lymph nodes- sinus macrophages
Peritoneal cavity - serial macrophages
29
Q

Name 4 accessory cells and their functions.

A

-Platelets -involved in blood clotting and inflammation
-Antigen presenting cells (APC) - present antigens to T cells
-Mast cells-Structurally and functionally similar to basophils
In connective tissues & close to mucosal surfaces
-Endothelial cells- Receptors recognise certain lymphocytes -
Control lymphocyte traffic and distribution

30
Q

Describe the role of antigen presenting cells (APC).

A

APC takes up small fragments , signals to T cells and cause its activation , also activation of B cells and NK cells

31
Q

what do APC produce?

A

cytokines and present antigens to T cells

32
Q

what do lymphocytes play a role in?

A

Play a role in both cellular and humoral immunity

33
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

blood, lymph and specialised tissues

34
Q

what is the name for long-lived lymphocytes ?

A

memory cells

35
Q

what would removal of lymphocytes result In?

A
  • Inability to produce antibody

- Inability to carry out cellular immunity

36
Q

what do most lymphocytes in circulation look like?

A

Small volume

Large nucleus, little cytoplasm, few organelles

37
Q

what is different about different types of lymphocytes?

A

Different functions, life histories, biology/biochemistry

38
Q

Name the primary lymphoid organs.

A

thymus and bone marrow

39
Q

Name the secondary lymphoid organs.

A
  • waldeyers ring
  • bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • lymphoid nodules
  • mesenteric lymph nodes
  • peyer’s patches
  • urogenital lymphoid tissue
40
Q

where do all lymphocytes arise from?

A

in bone marrow from pluripotent stem cell

41
Q

what is differentiation controlled by?

A

specific growth factors

42
Q

Describe the further differentiation in primary lymphoid organs

A
  • 25%- bone marrow - B cells
  • 60% - thymus - T cells
  • 15% - NK cells or large granular lymphocytes
43
Q

what are used to study cell surfaces?

A

monoclonal antibodies

44
Q

why are cell markers specific?

A

Highly specific for one antigenic determinant

45
Q

what did their use in experiments with immune cells lead to?

A

development of a system of nomenclature = cluster of differential or CD system

46
Q

what are the CD marker on the surface of Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, NK cell?

A
  • Helper T cell - CD3, CD4
  • Cytotoxic T cell- CD3, CD8
  • B cell- CD19, CD20
  • NK cell- CD16
47
Q

what is each lymphocytes specific for and why?

A
  • only one antigenic determinant

- has a specific antigen receptor on surface

48
Q

why are lymphocytes specifically acquired in primary lymphoid organs?

A

for education to distinguish self/non-self

49
Q

what is needed for B and T cells to function?

A

they need to be activated by meeting an antigen

50
Q

How does activation of lymphocytes occur?

A

Occurs only on binding of antigen by antigen receptor

51
Q

why do plasma cells have a lot of rough ER factories?

A

making Ig

52
Q

what do activated Tc have?

A

-No rough ER
-Have granules
containing proteins
involved in killing

53
Q

What can activated Th cells do?

A

Develop ability to produce growth factors or

lymphokines

54
Q

what happens as a result of the binding of antigen to lymphocytes antigen receptor?

A

clonal selection and expansion

55
Q

what is the key to immunity?

A

clonal expansion which produces more activated cells and memory cells which gives a more rapid , more effective response

56
Q

how do lymphocytes circulate through the body?

A
  • blood

- lymphatics - drain all tissues and connect nodes

57
Q

where do lymphocytes accumulate?

A

secondary lymphoid organs:

  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • MALT (Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)
  • Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, lung, mouth etc
58
Q

where does immune response occur?

A

-secondary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes and APC are brought together

59
Q

what are phagocytic cells derived from monocytes in tissues roles in immune response?

A
  • Phagocytosis, even clearing up dead neutrophils
  • Concentration of antigen
    • Processing/presentation antigen to T cells
  • Secretion growth factors, cytokines
60
Q

where do macrophages migrate to?

A

sites where they cooperate with lymphocytes to increase Ag presentation

61
Q

For immune response, what needs to cooperate?

A
  • B cells, T cells and APC

- require cell-to-cell contact and secretion of cytokines

Immunuology (10 decks)

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