lymphatics

Question 1

why we have a lymphatic system

Answer 1

fluid leaves blood because of hydrostatic pressure into interstitial space
needs to be returned otherwise get oedema and loss of blood volume
lymphatic system excess extracellular drain fluid back to the blood
also ensure foreign bodies are in contact with the immune system, filter lymph

Question 2

lymphodema

Answer 2

when remove the lymph nodes - because of infection
painful
unsightly
unable to drain fluid

Question 3

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 3

network of vessels with lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph
tonsils, adenoids, spleen and thymus
lymph moves in 1 direction
600-700 nodes in human - filter lymph before return to vessels
trunks carry fluid
nodes - expansions

Question 4

components of the lymphatic system

Answer 4

nodes in neck 
tonsils 
thoracic duct 
vessels in chest 
nodes in axillary 
spleen 
nodes ion groin 
nodes behind knee 
appendix 
vessels of abdomen 
thymus gland

Question 5

drainage of the lymphatic system

Answer 5

upper R quadrant - head, neck, limb and thorax - into R subclavian vein
rest of body - thoracic duct to from R to L side of neck, L subclavian trunk and internal jugular junction

Question 6

lymph circulation

Answer 6

pumped up by muscles in the lower limbs and arterial pulses
unidirectional - valves
slow and sporadic
cell debris and by products empty into the lymph
filtered in lymph node and are returned to blood circulation

Question 7

anatomy of lymph node

Answer 7

2.5cm 
contain lymphocytes and macrophages
act on foreign bodies 
when enlarged - signify drainage from infected regions 
in armpit, groin, neck

Question 8

enlarged lymph node

Answer 8

common - children, in contact with infection (resp)

less common - cancer - TB, HIV, arthritis, reaction to drugs

Question 9

lymph

Answer 9

clear and odourless mostly
opaque and milky from SI - absorbed fats - chyle
contain wbc, cell debris and fats from interstitial fluid

Question 10

where is the lymphatic drainage of the thorax

Answer 10

breast 
thoracic wall 
lungs 
heart 
thoracic duct 
heart

Question 11

treatment of breast cancer

Answer 11

remove lymph nodes

prevent recurrence and spread of primary tumour

Question 12

lymphatics of the thoracic wall

Answer 12

drain into nodes associated with: internal thoracic arteries (anterior of chest wall) - parasternal, ribs - intercostal, diaphragm - diaphragmatic
all flow upwards
parasternal and upper intercostal - drain into bracheomediastinal trunks
lower intercostal - thoracic duct
diaphragmatic - brachiocephalic, aortic/lumbar
superficial - auxiliary or parasternal

Question 13

thoracic duct

Answer 13

vessel in back of chest
from L2
begins at cisternae chyli - drain abdomen, pelvis, peritoneum and lower limbs
enters thorax behind oesophagus, through the diaphragm
size of phrenic nerve
centre of vertebral column
ascends on R of midline between aorta and aygous vein - at T5 cross onto L

Question 14

lymphatics of the lungs

Answer 14

tracheobronchial
around bronchi and trachea
come from in hilum of lung because in lungs in pleural cavity
combine with brachiocephalic and parasternal nodes - anterior to brachiocephalic veins - form brachiomediastinal trunks
parasternal nodes run either side of the sternum

Question 15

lymphatics of the heart

Answer 15

follow coronary arteries

drain into brachiocephalic and tracheobronchial nodes

Question 16

lymphatics of the posterior mediastinum

Answer 16

nodes on aorta get lymph from - oesophagus, diaphragm, liver, pericardium
drain into thoracic duct and posterior mediastinal
cancer 0f liver/oesophagus drain into these areas

Question 17

pulmonary ligament

Answer 17

extension of the lung hilum

allows expansion of the lung