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anatomy of the thorax > Bronchi, pleura, lungs and diaphragm > Flashcards

Bronchi, pleura, lungs and diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 components of the bronchial tree

A

trachea
primary bronchi - R and L
Lobar (secondary) bronchi
segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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2
Q

describe the trachea

A

central
from C6 to T4/5 manubriosternal joint
C shaped rings of cartilage (so oesophagus can expand)
lowest ring has hook called carina - hooks under bifurcation of the trachea

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3
Q

what does the sternal notch relate to anatomically

A

2nd costal cartilage

T4/5 posteriorally

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4
Q

what can change the appearance of the subcarinal angle

A

flow to the subcarinal lymph nodes

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5
Q

describe the primary bronchi

A

formed at T4/5

right is wider and more vertical than left

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6
Q

significance of R primary bronchi being thicker

A

solid objects are more likely to move down the right when swallowed

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7
Q

describe the lobar bronchi

A

formed in the lung s

supply the lobes of the lungs

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8
Q

describe the arrangement of lobes in the lung

A

3 in R (more lobar bronchi)

2 in L

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9
Q

what do the segmental bronchi do

A

supply individual bronchopulmonary segments - self contained independent units of lung tissue

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10
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage seen as

A

Adam’s apple

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11
Q

what is a cricothyroidotomy

A

make an incision in cricothyroid membrane to open airways in trauma

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12
Q

what joins the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

A

median cricothyroid ligament

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13
Q

at what point is a tracheostomy done

A

in hospital

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14
Q

number of bronchiopulmonary segments in each lung

A

10

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15
Q

what is the term for the branches coming off another branch

A

airway tree - supply a specific segment of the lungs

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16
Q

are the bronchopulmonary segments related

A

no - functionally different

can remove 1 without moving any of the others - have own nerve and blood supply and own airways

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17
Q

what are the lungs

A

essential organs for respiration

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18
Q

where are the lungs

A

thorax
separated from each other by mediastinum
lie in pleural cavity freely - except from attachment to heart (via pul vessels and trachea at the lung root/hilum . therefore has mobility in pleural cavity

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19
Q

which way does blood flow on the pulmonary circulation

A

from heart to the lung

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20
Q

which way does deoxygenated blood flow in bronchial circulation

A

away from the lungs (oxygen used by the lungs to function)

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21
Q

describe the structure of the lungs

A

conical
apex - thoracic inlet oblique, rises 3- 4cm above 1st costal cartilage
base is concave because diaphragm rises up and it rests on the convex wall
the 3 edges - anterior, posterior, interior
3 surfaces - costal, medial, inferior

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22
Q

what does the diaphragm separate

A

R lung from R lobe of liver

L lung from l lobe of liver, stomach and spleen

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23
Q

where is the liver

A

under the rib cage because the diaphragm is curved superiorly

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24
Q

what is the function of the pleural cavity

A

has fluid
provides surface tension - allow sliding of tissue
if surface tension breaks inner layer doesn’t move with outer layer

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25
3 features of the mediastinal surface of the lung
posterior anterior above and behind the cardiac impression - hilum of the lung
26
describe the posterior part of lung
contact with the vertebrae | thick
27
describe the anterior part of the lung
deeply concave - where heart is, bigger on L
28
describe the hilum of the lung
where vessels, bronchi and nerves leave and enter the mediastinum
29
what is the pleural reflection
change from parietal pleura to visceral pleura this is the lung hilum (the root is the structures in this)
30
describe the medial/mediastinal aspect of the heart
indentation for major muscles tubes point towards the middle small vein that brings blood back to other veins left lung has lingula - 'hand' in front of the heart
31
describe the L lung
2 lobes - superior and inferior separated by oblique fissure - similar direction to ribs superior lobe lies above the fissure - has the apex and most anterior part of the heart
32
mediastinal aspect of R lung
grooves for the arteries and superior vena cava and oesophagus
33
features of the R lobe
superior, middle, inferior lobes oblique fissure - separates inferior lobe from others horizontal fissure - separate superior from the middle lobe R larger than L
34
what does the lung hilum do
connect mediastinal surface to the heart and trachea
35
what structures are in the hilum
principle bronchus pul artery - deoxygenated blood from RV 2 pul veins - ox blood to LA bronchial arteries (ox blood from descending aorta) and veins pulmonary plexus of nerves - autonomic - change calibre of airways lymph vessels and nodes - pathology this is all in the pleura
36
what is in the hilum of the L lung
``` pul artery pul vein (upper lobe) primary bronchus bronchial artery lymph node pul ligament - inferior fold of pleura (thickening of tissue) - expands when you take in breath ```
37
why cant you see the LA on x ray
it is at the back of the heart
38
where is the most oxygenated blood
coronary arteries
39
what is the pleura
thin layer flattened cells supported by connective tissue lines each pleural cavity covers the exterior of the lung
40
visceral pleura
covers surface lungs and lines fissures
41
parietal pleura
lines inner surface of the chest walls
42
how are visceral and parietal pleura related
continuous with each other around the root of the lung | this is the hilum
43
what is the pleura like in health
pleural cavity is collapsed | moist surfaces allow lungs to glide as they expand and collapse = mobility
44
describe the pleural origin
pleural cavities in chest wall lined by parietal pleura lung buds grow into them within the covering of visceral pleura
45
where is the heart
central but projects to the left
46
what is the area under the lungs in the pleural cavity
costodiaphragmatic recess blood and pus can accumulate here ung is here in maximal inspiration
47
oblique fissure runs along...
the 6th rib
48
horizontal fissure runs
from 4th costal cartilage and rib | laterally until 6th rib where it meets the oblique fissure
49
how does breathing occur
controlled by nervous system and produced by skeletal muscle - automatic inhalation and exhalation of air out of the lungs to ventilate alveolar sacs
50
how can you increase the capacity of the thoracic cavity
movements of the diaphragm and ribs
51
describe the mechanism of breathing
pleural cavity expanded by muscle in walls elastic lungs expand with the pleural cavity air bought down trachea and bronchi into lungs
52
what happens when the diaphragm contract
increase vertical dimension of thoracic cavity presses on abdominal viscera which descend because of relaxation of the abdominal wall diaphragm stopped by abdominal viscera so costal margin raised combined with rib movement - reduced intrapleural pressure - entry of air anmd expansion of respiratory passages
53
describe the thoracic surface of the diaphragm
skeletal muscle from the costal margin sheet like central tendon pericardial sac a lot of the diaphragm is tendon because it is a muscle - bit from costal margin to tendon that contracts
54
what is the costal margin
lower border of the rib cage
55
what is the margin of the diaphragm attached to
costal margin xiphoid process ends of ribs 11 and 12 lumber vertebrae in back
56
where does the dome of the diaphragm go
bulges high into the rib cage | liver are covered by diaphragm pleura and lungs
57
describe the ribs in breathing
ribs elevated - anterior forward and up increase anterio-posterior dimension of thoracic cavity also everted increase transverse diameter of thoracic cavity intercostal muscle pull rib up and out because they stiffen the rib cage to increase efficiency of diaphragm
58
effect of rising the costal margin
widens the pleural cavity by raising drooping lateral parts of the ribs this tilts the sternum upwards = increase in antero-posterior diameter of pleural cavities (pump handle action)
59
describe breathing out
quiet expiration is a passive activity not requiring muscles - recoil - diaphragm moves up and ribs down recoil is from the elastic tissue in lungs and rib cage deep expiration - assisted by muscles of abdominal walls that squeeze the abdominal organs against the diaphragm and pull lower ribs downward
60
where do you listen to the aorta
top right
61
where do you listen to the atrioventricular valves
bottom left
62
why do ribs point posteriorly before anteriorly
allow some of the stuff in the chest posterior to vertebral column a lot of the lungs are in the paravertebral gutter
63
what is the pul trunk
vessel from RV then divide into R and L pul artery 1st vertical orientated bv from RV goes posteriorly and then bifurcates
64
where is aorta in relation to pul trunk
posterior
65
where does superior vena cava bifurcate
right of sternoclavicular joint b
66
path of aorta
over L primary bronchus through diaphragm into abdomen

anatomy of the thorax (14 decks)

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