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IHO 1 > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral lymphatic tissue

A

Where lymphocytes respond to antigens

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2
Q

Lymphoid tissue characteristics

A

Populated with lymphocytes

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3
Q

Small lymphocyte types

A

B and T lymphocytes, null cells

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4
Q

Null cells

A

Lack surface characteristics of T or B cells. 5-10% of the peripheral blood cells

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5
Q

Large lymphocytes

A

About 3x the volume of small lymphocytes

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6
Q

Lymphoid tissue function

A
  1. Lymphocyte production

2. Immune resonse

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7
Q

Role of small lymphocytes in immune response

A
  1. Recirculate continuously between blood and lymph.

2. Serve as immunocompotent cells capable of responding to antigen

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8
Q

B-cells

A

Differentiate into plasma cells or are retained in tissue as memory cells

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9
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce humoral antibodies

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10
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Involved in cell-mediated immune response or are retained in tissue as memory cells.

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11
Q

When do T-cells usually respond to an antigen

A

When it presented on surface of an accessory cell

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12
Q

What is characteristic of secondary immune response?

A

Immediate and extensive

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13
Q

Components of lymphoid tissue

A

Stroma (includes cells and reticular fibers) and lymphoid cells.

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14
Q

Cells in the stroma

A

Reticular cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells

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15
Q

Reticular cells

A

Fibroblast-like, produce reticular fibers (Type III collagen)

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16
Q

Macrophages (APCs)

A
  1. Phagocytosis of foreign particle matter.

2. Play a role in processing and presenting antigens

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17
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Very efficient APCs

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18
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A
  1. Bind antibody-antigen complexes on surface of processes.

2. Don’t endocytose and process antigen, thus these cells aren’t APCs

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19
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  1. Produced by reticular (fibroblast) cells

2. Form a lot of supporting framework of lymphoid tissue

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20
Q

Lymphoid cells

A
  1. small, med, large lymphocytes and plasma cells.

2. Enlargement and proliferation on exposure to antigen

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21
Q

How is non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue classified?

A

Based on gross histological arrangement

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22
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A
  1. In GI, respiratory tracts and other places where lymphatic tissue accumulates.
  2. Loose
  3. Dense
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23
Q

Nodular lymphatic tissue

A
  1. Scattered throughout digestive, respiratory, urinary systems in loose connective tissue beneath wet epithelial membranes
  2. Represent local immune responses to antigens
  3. Characterized by solitary lymphatic nodules (follicles)
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24
Q

Primary lymphatic nodule

A

Dark staining, spherically organized ball of small lymphocytes

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25
Q

Secondary lymphatic nodule sites have what?

A

Reaction center

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26
Q

General features of secondary lymphatic nodules?

A
  1. Don’t appear until after birth.
  2. Disappear in absence of antigen and reappear with re-exposure to antigen
  3. Need thymus for development
  4. Decline in # w/age
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27
Q

What are the cells of the germinal center or a secondary nodule?

A
  1. Large and med sized lymphocytes
  2. Small lymphocytes.
  3. Macrophages
  4. Follicular dendritic cells
  5. Developing plasma cells
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28
Q

Large and med lymphocytes (of germinal center)

A
  1. Mitotic

2. Also known as lymphoblasts (Activated lymphocytes)

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29
Q

Small lymphocytes (of germinal center)

A
  1. More numerous
  2. Don’t see dividing very often
  3. Process antigens for presentation to lymphocytes
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30
Q

Macrophages (of germinal center)

A
  1. Morphological features variable.
  2. Often contain remains of digested lymphocytes
  3. Process antigens for presentation to lymphocytes
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31
Q

Where are developing plasma cells found in the germinal center?

A

Near the periphery

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32
Q

Follicular dendritic cells (of germinal center)

A
  1. Lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and large, euchromatic nucleus.
  2. Bind antigen-Ab complexes to surface via Fc receptors
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33
Q

Where are lymphatic nodules found?

A

Lymph nodes and spleen. If in thymus, suggests pathological condition!

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34
Q

Examples of nodular non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue

A

Tonsil, Peyer’s patches, appendix

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35
Q

Functions of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue

A
  1. traps antigen
  2. produces lymphocytes in response to antigens (antigens stimulate lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation of B cells occurs)
  3. destroys antigen
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36
Q

Appendix

A

groups of lymphatic nodules in submucosa w/ many lymphocytes extending into the mucosa

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37
Q

General tonsil features

A

No afferent lymphatics and no lymphatic sinuses

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38
Q

Lingual tonsil

A
  1. In root or posterior 1/3 of tongue and epiglottis
  2. Consists primarily of dense lymphatic tissue and some nodules.
  3. Tonsillar tissue covered by stratified squamous mucosal epithelium
39
Q

Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

A
  1. Found in nasal pharynx
  2. Lymphatic tissue embedded in connective tissue and extending through epithelium.
  3. Tonsillar tissue covered by pseudostratified/columnar ciliary epithelium w/patches of stratifed squamous mucosal epithelium.
40
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  1. groups of lympatic nodules

2. mostly in wall of ileum of small intestine

41
Q

Lymph node general points

A
  1. Only lymphatic organ in lymphatic vessels, contains lymphatic sinuses, that filters lymph
42
Q

How is lymph filtered?

A

By macrophages before returning it to the blood stream

43
Q

Lymph node components

A
  1. Connective tissue (capsule, trabeculae, stroma)
  2. Fibers
  3. Endothelial cells lining sinusoids
44
Q

Cells in lymph nodes

A

Reticular cells, dendritic cells, macrophaqes, follicular dendritic cells

45
Q

Areas of lymph node

A
  1. Cortex

2. medulla

46
Q

Lymph node cortex

A
  1. Tissue supported by reticular fiber meshwork
  2. Germinal centers contain many lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules (transitory and have a tail that extends into medulla as the medullary cords)
  3. Stromal cells
47
Q

Medulla

A
  1. Also has reticular fiber meshwork and stromal cells.
  2. Contains medullary cords
  3. Many small lymphocytes, macrophage, plasma cells (differentiating and mature)
48
Q

Superficial cortex

A

Located between the capsule and outer limits of the germinal center. Contains majority of B-lymphocytes

49
Q

Deep cortex

A

Area between germinal centers and medullary cords. Contain a majority of T-lymphocytes (that extend into area between nodules of superifcial and mid-cortex and also into the medulla)

50
Q

Sinuses

A
  1. Lined by endothelial cells with large intercellular gaps.
  2. Macrophages, lymphocytes, reticular cells
51
Q

What happens to lymphocytes after they enter lymphatic sinuses

A

Leave lymph nodes through efferent lymphatics and become part of the re-ciculating lymphocytes

52
Q

What happens to macrophages after they enter lymphatic sinuses?

A

Enter lymph fluid and blood, but then become trapped in the lung where they are disposed of by entering lung parenchyma.

53
Q

Superficial cortex

A

Located between the capsule and outer limits of the germinal center. Contains majority of B-lymphocytes. Lined by simple squamous epithelium

54
Q

Mid-cortex

A

Area containing mainly germinal centers. Contain majority of B lymphocytes with other cells of the germinal center. Lined by simple squamous epithelium

55
Q

Lymph flow through lymph node

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels–> subcapsular (marginal) sinus–> trabecular (peritrabecular) sinus–> paracortical (subcortical) sinus–> medullary sinus–> efferent lymphatic vessel

56
Q

Blood flow through lymph node

A

Arterial vessels (hilum)–> trabecular vessels–> arterioles and capillaries–> post-capillary venules (outer cortex and deep cortex)–> venous vessels (hilum)

57
Q

Thymectomy at birth leads to?

A

Depletion of lymphocytes from deep and mid-cortex. Change in venule endothelium from cuboidal to squamous

58
Q

Source of lymphocytes in lymph nodes

A
  1. Mitotic division in lymphatic nodules

2. Circulating lymphocytes enter from post-capillary venules

59
Q

Path of recirculating T lymphocytes

A

Afferent arterioles–>pre-capillary arterioles–> capillaries–> post-capillary venules–> lymphatic tissue–> lymphatic sinuses–> efferent lymphatic vessels

60
Q

Lymph node function

A
  1. Lymph filter.
  2. Produce lymphocytes.
  3. Produce antibodies (produced by plasma cells)
61
Q

Thymus general points

A
  1. No afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymphatic vessels limited to capsule and connective tissue
  3. Site for differentiation of T lymphocytes
  4. Size largest in relation to body in utero and for first 2 yrs post-natal life. Continues to grow until puberty. Regresses in size into old age
62
Q

Thymus development

A
  1. Epithelium of 3rd branchial pouch.

2. Reticular stroma composed almost entirely of reticular cells and very few reticular fibers

63
Q

Thymus morphological features

A

2 lobes beneath sternum, each enclosed by connective tissue capsule. Lobes divides into incomplete lobules by connective tissue trabeculae or septae

64
Q

Thymus cortex cells

A

Reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes

65
Q

Reticular cells in the thymus

A
  1. Derived from endoderm.
  2. Loose cellular network that supports developing T-lymphocytes
  3. Large nucleus, prominent nucleolus, voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  4. Produce thymic hormones (promote differentiation of stem cells into T-cells, induce formation of T-cell surface markers
  5. Help form blood-thymus barrier, prevents antigens from entering the thymic cortex
66
Q

3 regions of lymphocytes in the thymus

A
  1. Outer region
  2. Middle
  3. Inner
67
Q

Outer region (lymphocyte)

A
  1. Stem cells enter from vascular system, make lymphoblasts, undergo mitosis
  2. largest lymphocytes in cortex
  3. maturing cell move toward medulla
68
Q

Middle region (lymphocyte)

A
  1. Differentiating cells derived from outer region

2. Cell proliferation continues

69
Q

Inner region (lymphocyte)

A
  1. Smallest lymphocytes of cortex.
  2. No cell division
  3. Mature T- cells enter blood vessels at corticomedullary junction where they go to thymic dependent zones
70
Q

Medulla (of thymus)

A
  1. Primarily epithelial reticular cells with ome lymphocytes, other connective tissue, fibers
  2. Hassall’s (thymic) corpuscles are the characteristic feature!
71
Q

Vascular supply (of thymus)

A
  • Major branches from internal thoracic and inferior thyroid arteries.
  • Cortex has small arteries and arterioles at the corticomedullary junction.
  • Medulla has small arteries and arterioles that give rise to capillaries. Post-capillary venules drain into veins that drain major efferent vessels of the thymus
72
Q

Blood-thymus barrier

A

Prevent antigens present in the blood stream from entering the corex

73
Q

Components of the blood thymus barrier

A
  • Endothelial cells with occluding junctions
  • External lamina
  • Perivascular space
  • External lamina
  • Epithelial reticular cells held together by desmosomes
74
Q

How do lymphocytes enter and leave the circulatory system?

A

Post-capillary venules (at coticomedullary junction)

75
Q

Congenital absence of the thymus

A

Patient lacks T-lymphocytes (and therefore cellular immunity)

76
Q

Thymomas

A

Most common tumor found in anterior mediastinm

Neoplasms of thymus reticular cells

77
Q

Spleen general points

A

Largest lymphatic organ, no afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels present, no lymph sinuses

78
Q

2 types of splenic pulp

A

White pulp and red pulp

79
Q

White pulp

A

Made of: periarterial lymphatic sheaths, splenic nodules

80
Q

Periarterial lymphatic sheaths

A
  1. Surround white pulp artery or central artery

2. Contain primary T-cells

81
Q

Splenic nodules

A
  1. Scattered throughout splenic pulp

2. Contain primarily B-cells except in area assocated with white pulp or central artery

82
Q

Red pulp

A

Made of splenic sinuses, splenic cords

83
Q

Splenic sinuses (sinusoids)

A

Vascular passageways, lined by specialized endothelial cells

84
Q

Splenic cords (billroth cords)

A

Between sinuses, contain RBCs, granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, plasma cells, reticular cells adn fibers

85
Q

Marginal zone

A

Transitional zone between red and white pulp where small vessels empty blood.
Recirculating lymphocytes return to enter periarterial lymphoid sheath or splenic nodule

86
Q

Splenic circulation

A
  1. Splenic artery
  2. Trabecular artery
  3. White pulp or central artery
  4. Red pulp artery
  5. Sheathed artery (capillaries)
    6 Terminal arterial capillaries
87
Q

Penicillus

A

Red pulp artery and sheathed artery

88
Q

Whic is more prevalent ? Open or closed circulation?

A

Open

89
Q

Venus sinusoids or red pulp

A

Closed or open circulation

90
Q

Open circulation

A

Terminal capillaries open into red pulp

91
Q

Closed circulation

A

Terminal capillaries open into sinusoids

92
Q

Sinusoids

A

Made of elongated and narrow endothelial cells

Endothelial cells supported by anastomosing ring of basement membrane and reticular fibers that encircle the sinusoid

93
Q

Spleen function

A
  1. Ab in response to blood-borne antigens (main source of circulating Ab in the body)
  2. Removal and destruction of defective cells and debris (through macrophages)
  3. Concentrates and stores blood cells and platelets
  4. In prenatal life, form RBCS, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets

IHO 1 (4 decks)

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