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IHO 1 > Circulating blood > Flashcards

Circulating blood Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue embryonic origin

A

Embryonic tissue mesenchyme

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2
Q

Components of connective tissue

A

Cells (living) and intercellular or extracellular material (non-living)

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3
Q

What is the characteristic feature of connective tissue

A

Intercellular or extracellular material (abundant material between the cells)

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4
Q

What makes the intracellular components of a cell?

A

Organelles and inclusions

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5
Q

Peripheral blood components

A 
Cells.
Intercellular materia (plasma/fluid component)
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6
Q

Types of cells in blood

A 
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets
"dust" or hemoconia
chylomicrons
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7
Q

Composition of plasma

A
  1. water (90%)
  2. proteins
  3. inorganic salts.
  4. organic compounds.
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8
Q

Proteins in plasma

A

Albumin

Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Major coagulation protein

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10
Q

Inorganic salts in plasma

A

Cl-, HCO3-, PO4—, Ca++, Na+, K+

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11
Q

Organic compounds in plasma

A

amino acids, vitamins, hormones, lipids, carbs

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12
Q

Plasma vs. serum

A

Plasma clots, serum doesn’t. Serum doesn’t have fibrinogen and some other clotting factors

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13
Q

Ave. life span of erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

120-130 days

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14
Q

Do males or females have more RBCs

A

Males have slightly more

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15
Q

How many times more numerous are RBCs than leukocytes?

A

500-1000

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16
Q

What is the shape of RBCs dependent on?**

A

Spectrin-ankyrin-actin interaction (part of cytoskeletal network)

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17
Q

What do RBCs lack?

A

Nucleus, golgi, centrioles, lysosomes, RER

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18
Q

Function of RBCs

A

Transport of O2 and CO2

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19
Q

How do RBCs primarily get their energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways

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20
Q

What shape do RBCs take with Ankyrin deficiency?

A

Rounded.

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21
Q

What shape do RBCs take with Band 4.1 miscoding?

A

Elliptocytosis

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22
Q

Universal blood acceptor type?

A

AB

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23
Q

Universal blood donor type?

A

O

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24
Q

Universal blood donor type?

A

O

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25
Q

Rouleoux

A

RBC’s tend to stick together

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26
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) function***

A

Clotting

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27
Q

Platelet lifespan

A

8-10 days

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28
Q

What are platelets devived from?

A

Megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Are membrane fragments of the cell

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29
Q

Granulomere

A

Centrally located in platelet

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30
Q

Hyalomere

A

Peripherally located in platelet

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31
Q

Platelet shape

A

Discoid

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32
Q

Lambda granules in platelets

A

Lysosomes

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33
Q

Deltra granules in platelets (function)

A

Adhesion, 5-HT, ADP, ATP

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34
Q

Dense tubular system function in platelets

A

Ca2+ sequestering

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35
Q

Alpha granule factor function in platelets

A

Many coagulation factors

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36
Q

Alpha granule factor function in platelets

A

Many coagulation factors

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37
Q

Leukocyte function

A

Cellular and humoral defense system

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38
Q

Groups of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear)

Agranulocytes (mononuclear)

39
Q

Granulocyte types

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

40
Q

Are graulocytes mitotic?

A

No

41
Q

Agranulocyte types

A

Lymphocytes.

Monocytes

42
Q

Are agranulocytes mitotic?

A

Yes (after leaving vascular system)

43
Q

Diapedesis

A

Process that allows WBCs to leave vascular system.

44
Q

Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear neutropils, PMNs) morphological features

A

Multi-lobed connected nucleus and 3 granule types in the cytoplasm. Very little RER, golgi, free ribosomes and few mitocondria. Plasma membrane contains NADPH oxidase bound to extracellular surface.

45
Q

Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear neutropils, PMNs) morphological features

A

Multi-lobed connected nucleus and 3 granule types in the cytoplasm. Very little RER, golgi, free ribosomes and few mitocondria. Plasma membrane contains NADPH oxidase bound to extracellular surface.

46
Q

What is the average percent of neutrophils present in differential count?***

A

50-70%

47
Q

3 types of granules present in neutrophils

A

Azurophilic or primary granules
Neutrophilic or specifc/secondary granules
Tertiary granules

48
Q

Azurophilic granules***

A
  1. lysozomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase
  2. appear early in cell development
  3. most numerous type to start
  4. 20% of granules
  5. reddish-purple color
49
Q

Neutrophilic granules

A
  1. 80% of granules.
  2. Appear later in development
  3. alkaline phosphatase and bacteriocidal substances.
  4. Increase in number throuhout development
  5. lavender color
50
Q

Alkaline phosphatase function

A

Hydrolases that function at neutral or alkaline pH. Neutralize or kill bacteria

51
Q

Tertiary granules (gelatinase granules)

A
  1. Contain gelatinase, collagenase, cathepsins, glycoproteins
  2. Break down gelative and collagen
52
Q

Tertiary granules (gelatinase granules)

A
  1. Contain gelatinase, collagenase, cathepsins, glycoproteins
  2. Break down gelatin and collagen
53
Q

NADPH oxidase function

A

Catalyzes formation of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid within phagosomes of neutrophils

54
Q

Neutrophil functions**

A
  1. First line cellular defense against microorganism invasion.
  2. Killing of bacteria enzymatically or through formation of reactive oxygen compounds
55
Q

Azurophilic granules*** (neutrophil)

A
  1. lysozomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase
  2. appear early in cell development
  3. most numerous type to start
  4. 20% of granules
  5. reddish-purple color
56
Q

Enzymatic way that neutrophils kill bacteria

A
  1. phagocytosis, form phagosome
  2. specific granules inactivate material
  3. azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome, digest material
  4. digested material expells from cells
57
Q

What happens when neutrophils die?

A

Become the pus of an abscess

58
Q

Eosinophil % of differential count

A

1-4%

59
Q

Eosinophil morphological features

A
  1. 2 lobes held together by chromatin strand
  2. 2 types of granules
  3. Specific granules very large.
    4 Azurophhilic granules (lysosomes)
60
Q

Specific eosinophilic granules

A

Very large
Eosinophilic
Crystalline structure

61
Q

What causes specific granules to be eosinophilic?**

A

Large amounts of arginine in protein.

62
Q

What causes the specific granules to have a crystalline structure in their core?***

A

Major basic protein, eosinophilic cationic protein

63
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Bind histamine, leukotrienes, and eosinophil chemotactic factor. Respond to allergic reaction, inflammatory reaction, parasitic worm invasion.

64
Q

When does the differential count of eosinophils increase?

A

During parasitic infectons and allergic reactions

65
Q

Where do eosinophils especially locate?

A

Connective tissue beneath epithelium or respiratory and GI tract (lamina propria)

66
Q

Basophil differential count

A

0.5%

67
Q

Basophil morphological features

A

Irregularily shaped nucleus (not lobated)
Basophilic and metachromic specific granules
Azurophilic granules: lysosomes

68
Q

What do basophilic specific granules contain?

A

Heparin, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, peroxidase

69
Q

Basophil function

A

`1.Increase with other leukocytes in leukemia

  1. Increase in chicken pox, sinus infections
  2. Likely involved in mediating allergic and inflammatory reactions.
  3. Antigens can bind to IgE molecules
  4. Begin to produce and release leukotrienes
70
Q

What happens with the release of histamine?

A

Smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation of microcirculation, leaking of blood vessels

71
Q

Lymphocyte differential count

A

20-40%

72
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Lymhatic nodules, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow

73
Q

Lymphocyte morphological features

A
  1. 2 sizes–small (90%) and large
  2. Nucleus spherical or slightly indented on one side w/densely packed chronmatin
  3. Thin cytoplasm w/ many free ribosomes, polysomes some azurophilic granules, golgi, RER, and mitochondria
74
Q

Subdivision of small lymphocytes

A
  1. B lymphocytes
  2. T lymphocytes
  3. Null cells (NK cells)
75
Q

B-lymphocytes

A
  1. 15% of circulating lymphocytes
  2. Develop in bone marrow or gut
  3. Fate as plasma or memory cells
76
Q

Plasma cells

A

Derived from B-lymphocytes

Produce antigen-specific circulating immunoglobulins

77
Q

Memory cells

A

Found in lymphatic tissues and are stimulated by re-expsure to antigen leading to rapid secondary response.

78
Q

T-lymphocytes**

A
  1. 80-90% of circulating lymphocytes
  2. originate in yolk sac
  3. multiply and differentiate in the thymus w/each developing ind. antigenic specificity
79
Q

Subsets of T-lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells, T suppressor cells

80
Q

What is needed for activation of T cells?

A

Appropriate antigen

Macrophages must possess antigen for presentation

81
Q

Functions of T-lymphocytes

A

Cell-mediated immunity, assist in humoral immunity

82
Q

Null cells

A

Neither B nor T lymphocytes

83
Q

Monocyte differential count

A

2-8%

84
Q

Monocyte morphological features

A
  1. largest size
  2. nucleus can be oval, indented, kidney, horse-shoe shaped.
  3. Chromatin less condensed, nucleus lighter staining.
  4. Cytoplasm stains pale blue.
  5. May see vacuoles in cytoplasm
  6. Some azurophilic granules may be present
  7. Well developed golgi, some ribosomes, polysomes, mitochondria, little RER
85
Q

Monocyte function

A

Become macrophages. Macrophages become second line of defense against invading organisms

86
Q

Foreign body giant cells

A

Fused macrophages that are very large, multi-nucleated

87
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages located in the liver

88
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages good at processing and presenting antigens

89
Q

Monocytosis

A

Increased monocyre count due to infectious, inflammatory diseases, TB, and leukemia

90
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  1. Found in plasma.
  2. Made of fat combined with plasma proteins
  3. Increase after eating fatty meal
91
Q

Hemoconia (“dust”)

A
  1. Junk in the blood stream

2. Made of broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, ingested material not filtered out of spleen

92
Q

Lymph components

A

Plasma

Cells (lymphocytes–main element, granulocytes–few)

93
Q

Lymph plasma

A
  1. Carries carbonic acid, but very little oxygen
  2. coagulates more slowly than blood (fibrin forms colorless clot)
  3. intestinal lymphatics become filled with chylomicrons and lead to white colored lymph (chyle)

IHO 1 (4 decks)

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