Circulating blood Flashcards
1
Q
Connective tissue embryonic origin
A
Embryonic tissue mesenchyme
2
Q
Components of connective tissue
A
Cells (living) and intercellular or extracellular material (non-living)
3
Q
What is the characteristic feature of connective tissue
A
Intercellular or extracellular material (abundant material between the cells)
4
Q
What makes the intracellular components of a cell?
A
Organelles and inclusions
5
Q
Peripheral blood components
A
Cells. Intercellular materia (plasma/fluid component)
6
Q
Types of cells in blood
A
Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Platelets "dust" or hemoconia chylomicrons
7
Q
Composition of plasma
A
- water (90%)
- proteins
- inorganic salts.
- organic compounds.
8
Q
Proteins in plasma
A
Albumin
Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen
9
Q
Fibrinogen
A
Major coagulation protein
10
Q
Inorganic salts in plasma
A
Cl-, HCO3-, PO4—, Ca++, Na+, K+
11
Q
Organic compounds in plasma
A
amino acids, vitamins, hormones, lipids, carbs
12
Q
Plasma vs. serum
A
Plasma clots, serum doesn’t. Serum doesn’t have fibrinogen and some other clotting factors
13
Q
Ave. life span of erythrocytes (RBCs)
A
120-130 days
14
Q
Do males or females have more RBCs
A
Males have slightly more
15
Q
How many times more numerous are RBCs than leukocytes?
A
500-1000
16
Q
What is the shape of RBCs dependent on?**
A
Spectrin-ankyrin-actin interaction (part of cytoskeletal network)
17
Q
What do RBCs lack?
A
Nucleus, golgi, centrioles, lysosomes, RER
18
Q
Function of RBCs
A
Transport of O2 and CO2
19
Q
How do RBCs primarily get their energy?
A
Anaerobic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways
20
Q
What shape do RBCs take with Ankyrin deficiency?
A
Rounded.
21
Q
What shape do RBCs take with Band 4.1 miscoding?
A
Elliptocytosis
22
Q
Universal blood acceptor type?
A
AB
23
Q
Universal blood donor type?
A
O
24
Q
Universal blood donor type?
A
O
25
Rouleoux
RBC's tend to stick together
26
Platelets (thrombocytes) function***
Clotting
27
Platelet lifespan
8-10 days
28
What are platelets devived from?
Megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Are membrane fragments of the cell
29
Granulomere
Centrally located in platelet
30
Hyalomere
Peripherally located in platelet
31
Platelet shape
Discoid
32
Lambda granules in platelets
Lysosomes
33
Deltra granules in platelets (function)
Adhesion, 5-HT, ADP, ATP
34
Dense tubular system function in platelets
Ca2+ sequestering
35
Alpha granule factor function in platelets
Many coagulation factors
36
Alpha granule factor function in platelets
Many coagulation factors
37
Leukocyte function
Cellular and humoral defense system
38
Groups of leukocytes
Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear)
| Agranulocytes (mononuclear)
39
Granulocyte types
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
40
Are graulocytes mitotic?
No
41
Agranulocyte types
Lymphocytes.
| Monocytes
42
Are agranulocytes mitotic?
Yes (after leaving vascular system)
43
Diapedesis
Process that allows WBCs to leave vascular system.
44
Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear neutropils, PMNs) morphological features
Multi-lobed connected nucleus and 3 granule types in the cytoplasm. Very little RER, golgi, free ribosomes and few mitocondria. Plasma membrane contains NADPH oxidase bound to extracellular surface.
45
Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear neutropils, PMNs) morphological features
Multi-lobed connected nucleus and 3 granule types in the cytoplasm. Very little RER, golgi, free ribosomes and few mitocondria. Plasma membrane contains NADPH oxidase bound to extracellular surface.
46
What is the average percent of neutrophils present in differential count?***
50-70%
47
3 types of granules present in neutrophils
Azurophilic or primary granules
Neutrophilic or specifc/secondary granules
Tertiary granules
48
Azurophilic granules***
1. lysozomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase
2. appear early in cell development
3. most numerous type to start
4. 20% of granules
5. reddish-purple color
49
Neutrophilic granules
1. 80% of granules.
2. Appear later in development
3. alkaline phosphatase and bacteriocidal substances.
4. Increase in number throuhout development
5. lavender color
50
Alkaline phosphatase function
Hydrolases that function at neutral or alkaline pH. Neutralize or kill bacteria
51
Tertiary granules (gelatinase granules)
1. Contain gelatinase, collagenase, cathepsins, glycoproteins
2. Break down gelative and collagen
52
Tertiary granules (gelatinase granules)
1. Contain gelatinase, collagenase, cathepsins, glycoproteins
2. Break down gelatin and collagen
53
NADPH oxidase function
Catalyzes formation of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid within phagosomes of neutrophils
54
Neutrophil functions****
1. First line cellular defense against microorganism invasion.
2. Killing of bacteria enzymatically or through formation of reactive oxygen compounds
55
Azurophilic granules*** (neutrophil)
1. lysozomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase
2. appear early in cell development
3. most numerous type to start
4. 20% of granules
5. reddish-purple color
56
Enzymatic way that neutrophils kill bacteria
1. phagocytosis, form phagosome
2. specific granules inactivate material
3. azurophilic granules fuse with phagosome, digest material
4. digested material expells from cells
57
What happens when neutrophils die?
Become the pus of an abscess
58
Eosinophil % of differential count
1-4%
59
Eosinophil morphological features
1. 2 lobes held together by chromatin strand
2. 2 types of granules
3. Specific granules very large.
4 Azurophhilic granules (lysosomes)
60
Specific eosinophilic granules
Very large
Eosinophilic
Crystalline structure
61
What causes specific granules to be eosinophilic?****
Large amounts of arginine in protein.
62
What causes the specific granules to have a crystalline structure in their core?***
Major basic protein, eosinophilic cationic protein
63
What is the function of eosinophils?
Bind histamine, leukotrienes, and eosinophil chemotactic factor. Respond to allergic reaction, inflammatory reaction, parasitic worm invasion.
64
When does the differential count of eosinophils increase?
During parasitic infectons and allergic reactions
65
Where do eosinophils especially locate?
Connective tissue beneath epithelium or respiratory and GI tract (lamina propria)
66
Basophil differential count
0.5%
67
Basophil morphological features
Irregularily shaped nucleus (not lobated)
Basophilic and metachromic specific granules
Azurophilic granules: lysosomes
68
What do basophilic specific granules contain?
Heparin, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, peroxidase
69
Basophil function
`1.Increase with other leukocytes in leukemia
2. Increase in chicken pox, sinus infections
3. Likely involved in mediating allergic and inflammatory reactions.
4. Antigens can bind to IgE molecules
5. Begin to produce and release leukotrienes
70
What happens with the release of histamine?
Smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation of microcirculation, leaking of blood vessels
71
Lymphocyte differential count
20-40%
72
Where are lymphocytes produced?
Lymhatic nodules, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow
73
Lymphocyte morphological features
1. 2 sizes--small (90%) and large
2. Nucleus spherical or slightly indented on one side w/densely packed chronmatin
3. Thin cytoplasm w/ many free ribosomes, polysomes some azurophilic granules, golgi, RER, and mitochondria
74
Subdivision of small lymphocytes
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. Null cells (NK cells)
75
B-lymphocytes
1. 15% of circulating lymphocytes
2. Develop in bone marrow or gut
3. Fate as plasma or memory cells
76
Plasma cells
Derived from B-lymphocytes
| Produce antigen-specific circulating immunoglobulins
77
Memory cells
Found in lymphatic tissues and are stimulated by re-expsure to antigen leading to rapid secondary response.
78
T-lymphocytes****
1. 80-90% of circulating lymphocytes
2. originate in yolk sac
3. multiply and differentiate in the thymus w/each developing ind. antigenic specificity
79
Subsets of T-lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells, T suppressor cells
80
What is needed for activation of T cells?
Appropriate antigen
| Macrophages must possess antigen for presentation
81
Functions of T-lymphocytes
Cell-mediated immunity, assist in humoral immunity
82
Null cells
Neither B nor T lymphocytes
83
Monocyte differential count
2-8%
84
Monocyte morphological features
1. largest size
2. nucleus can be oval, indented, kidney, horse-shoe shaped.
3. Chromatin less condensed, nucleus lighter staining.
4. Cytoplasm stains pale blue.
5. May see vacuoles in cytoplasm
6. Some azurophilic granules may be present
7. Well developed golgi, some ribosomes, polysomes, mitochondria, little RER
85
Monocyte function
Become macrophages. Macrophages become second line of defense against invading organisms
86
Foreign body giant cells
Fused macrophages that are very large, multi-nucleated
87
Kupffer cells
Macrophages located in the liver
88
Antigen presenting cells
Macrophages good at processing and presenting antigens
89
Monocytosis
Increased monocyre count due to infectious, inflammatory diseases, TB, and leukemia
90
Chylomicrons
1. Found in plasma.
2. Made of fat combined with plasma proteins
3. Increase after eating fatty meal
91
Hemoconia ("dust")
1. Junk in the blood stream
| 2. Made of broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, ingested material not filtered out of spleen
92
Lymph components
Plasma
| Cells (lymphocytes--main element, granulocytes--few)
93
Lymph plasma
1. Carries carbonic acid, but very little oxygen
2. coagulates more slowly than blood (fibrin forms colorless clot)
3. intestinal lymphatics become filled with chylomicrons and lead to white colored lymph (chyle)
