Lymphatic System II Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
- Starts when a pathogen penetrates the surface of the body as it enters.
- Limit the spread of pathogens through the body by taking an approach for pathogen elimination.
- Fast acting and nonspecific.
- Provide crude protection against any and all pathogens that enter the body.
- Second line of defense.
A
Immune System
2
Q
Five lines of innate internal defense.
A
- Phagocytic Cells
- Natural Killer Cells
- Antimicrobial Proteins
- Inflammation
- Fever
3
Q
Primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
A
Phagocytic Cells
4
Q
- Kill body cells that have turned crater: either become virus-infected or cancerous.
- Contains granules in cytoplasm.
- AKA “Large granular lymphocytes.”
- Unusual as these are types of lymphocytes but involved in innate immunity.
- Make up 10% to 15% of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.
- Attack transplanted tissues.
- Plays the role of the rejection of transplanted organs.
A
Natural Killer Cells
5
Q
Natural killer cells as similar to T Cells: Kill the body’s own cells under two circumstances.
A
- Cells have been invaded by intracellular pathogens.
- Cells have become cancerous.
6
Q
Natural killer cells as similar to macrophages: They become more effective in killing if there is.
A
- An activation by the cytokines from certain T cells.
- Coating of cells with antibody making them a better target for phagocytes.
7
Q
Recognizes abnormal cells by looking into different characteristics.
A
Immune Surveillance
8
Q
- Does not involve cells.
- Complement and interferons.
A
Antimicrobial Proteins
9
Q
- Members of a larger group of cytokines that modulate the immune system.
- Interfere with viral replication.
- Modulate inflammation.
- Activate immune cells.
- Binds to plasma membrane receptors on nearby cells as warning signals for the virus penetration.
A
Interferons
10
Q
- Viruses must enter cells to ____.
- Penetrates the target’s membrane then releases ____ to make more copies of the virus.
- The presence of the virus inside the cell causes the ____.
A
- Replicate
- Nucleic Acids
- Secretion of Interferons
11
Q
Uninfected cells produce proteins that inhibit viral replication by.
A
- Degrading viral RNA
- Preventing the synthesis of viral proteins
12
Q
Three types that are distinct proteins but have common and unique functions.
A
- Alpha Interferon
- Beta Interferon
- Gamma Interferon
13
Q
Act in a variety of ways to signal other immune and non-immune cells.
A
Gamma Interferon
14
Q
- Complements or enhances other components of both innate and adaptive defenses.
- Complex cascade of interdependent plasma proteins.
A
Complement System
15
Q
As a protein is activated, it becomes an enzyme to activate the next proteins until the final product is formed. These proteins can:
A
- Mark cells for phagocytosis.
- Promote inflammation.
- Kill some bacteria all by themselves.
16
Q
When innate defenses are overwhelmed with pathogen invasion, it sends chemical messages along the ____.
A
Adaptive Immune System
17
Q
- Ingest pathogens.
- Use special membrane receptors to recognize pathogens.
A
Phagocytes
18
Q
When phagocytes recognize a pathogen, two events are triggered:
* Ingestion of ____.
* Release of ____ that mobilize other cells of innate and adaptive immunity.
A
- Pathogen
- Chemical Alarm Signals
19
Q
Enhances phagocytosis.
A
Opsonization
20
Q
Factors that can act as opsonins.
A
- Antibodies
- Complement
21
Q
Pathogens escape destruction by phagocytes through:
* Secreting molecules that block the ____ with the phagosome.
* Developing resistance to the effects of ____ and ____.
* Finding ways to escape the phagosome, take up residence, and replicate within the ____ of the phagocyte.
A
- Fusion of Lysosomes
- Lysosomal Enzymes and Reactive Oxygen Intermediates
- Cytoplasm
22
Q
- Bacterium that causes Tuberculosis.
- Known for its ability to hide out and replicate inside macrophages.
A
Tuberculosis Bacterium
23
Q
- Can enhance the entire killing process inside the macrophage.
- This enhancement only happens when the macrophage presents antigen from such bacteria.
A
T-Cells
24
Q
Example of an interaction between innate and adaptive defenses.
A
Interaction between Phagocytes and T-Cells.
25
Distributed throughout the body points where **pathogens** can most **easily gain entry**.
* Particular points: **respiratory** and **digestive tract mucosae**.
Immune System
26
**Two** major anatomical **parts** of the immune system.
* Specialized Immune Cells
* Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
27
Mostly **leukocytes** (WBCs) and their close relatives.
Specialized Immune Cells
28
* Including bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
* Sites where **lymphocytes** are produced, reside, and come in **contact** with **pathogens**.
Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
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* Originates in the **bone marrow**.
* Some cells **migrate to tissues** or **circulate** through the blood and lymphatic system and **enter** tissues when **needed**.
Cells of Immune System
30
* Term for **immune cells** that travel in the **blood**.
* Traditionally classified according to their **shape** and the **colors of their granule** (if stained with histological dyes).
Leukocytes
31
**Types of leukocytes** (from most to least common).
* Neutrophil
* Lymphocyte
* Monocyte
* Eosinophil
* Basophil
32
* Has a **multi-lobed** nucleus.
* **Pale**-staining granules.
* **Most common** leukocyte.
* Use the process of **phagocytosis** which destroys pathogens.
Neutrophil
33
* Has **rounded** nucleus and **no prominent** granules.
* **Smaller** than monocytes.
* Includes **B Cells** and **T Cells**.
Lymphocyte
34
* **Turn into macrophages** when entered into a tissue.
* **Large** cells that have a **U-shaped** nucleus and **do not** have prominent granules.
Monocyte
35
* Has **bi-lobed** nucleus.
* Has **prominent red**-staining cytoplasmic granules containing **enzymes**.
* **Fight parasites** (worms) by releasing **digestive enzymes** to them.
* Contribute to **allergies** (asthma).
Eosinophil
36
* Has **blue**-staining granules.
* Make up **less than 1%** of circulating leukocytes.
* Contain chemicals that **mediate inflammation** (histamine).
Basophil
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* **Eating cell**.
* **Engulf and destroy** pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
Phagocytes
38
* Process and present **antigens** to T Cells.
* **Commonly found** in lymphoid organs and tissues.
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
39
**Three** types of cells that can **present antigens**.
* Dendritic Cells
* Macrophages
* B Cells
40
* **Capture antigens** in the periphery.
* **Migrate** to lymph nodes.
* **Present** these antigens to T cells.
Dendritic Cells
41
In **adaptive** community: B cells and T cells.
Effector Cells
42
**Mostly** leukocytes and **some** non-leukocytes.
Other Cells
43
Perform other functions in **host defenses**.
Mast Cells
44
* **Key** component of **adaptive** immunity.
* Originates in the **bone marrow**.
Leukocytes
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Cells that mature in the **bone marrow**.
B Cells
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Cells that mature in the **thymus**.
T Cells
47
Two **primary** lymphoid organs.
Bone Marrow and Thymus
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* Where lymphocytes **contact pathogens** and the **site for activation**.
* Located at potential sites of **invasion**.
* House **macrophages** and **other** immune system cells.
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
49
Five **secondary** lymphoid organs.
* Lymph Nodes
* Spleen
* Peyer's Patches (small intestine)
* Appendix
* Tonsils
50
**Overlaps** in structure and functions with the **immune system**.
Lymphatic System
51
**Three parts** of the lymphatic system.
* **Lymphatic Vessels**: One-way system of vessels
* **Lymph**: Fluid in lymphatic vessels
* **Lymph nodes**
52
**Collect excess interstitial fluid** that leaves capillaries and accumulates in tissues.
Lymphatic Capillaries
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* **Drained by lymphatic capillaries** into larger lymph vessels.
* **Filtered** through lymph nodes to **remove antigens**.
* **Returned** to the circulatory system.
Interstitial Fluid
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* If **not** functioning properly, **fluid builds up** in tissues (*Lymphedema*) resulting in an **inefficient delivery** of antigens to the lymph nodes.
* **Affected** tissues are at **increased risk** of uncontrolled infection.
Lymphatic Vessels
55
* The ____ **weave** through the **blood capillary beds** of **loose** connective tissue.
* They are **blind sacs** (*closed tubes*) formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
* The overlapping endothelial cells are supported by **collagen filaments** that anchor the cells to the surrounding matrix.
## Footnote
*Flow of Lymph*
Lymph Capillaries
56
* As **fluid builds up** in the tissue, the ____ of the endothelial cells **open** and the fluid **enters** the capillary.
* Overlapping endothelial cells act as **one-way valves**.
## Footnote
*Flow of Lymph*
Overlapping Flaps
57
____ can also **enter the lymphatics** from the tissues and be transported to **nearby** lymph nodes.
## Footnote
*Flow of Lymph*
* Plasma Proteins
* Pathogens
* Antigens
* Dendritic Cells
58
* **Lymph capillaries** lead into ____ which contain one-way valves.
* **Interspersed** between segments of larger lymph vessels are the **lymph nodes**.
* Lymph **filters** through the nodes and is **cleansed** of antigens and pathogens by **phagocytes**.
## Footnote
*Flow of Lymph*
Larger Lymph Vessels
59
**Lymph** is funneled into successively **larger lymphatic vessels** until it finally drains into the circulatory system at the ____.
## Footnote
*Flow of Lymph*
Large Neck Veins
60
____ **excess** tissue fluid and any **leaked** proteins to the blood.
## Footnote
*Functions of lymphatic vessels*
Return
61
**Transport** pathogens, antigens, and dendritic cells from the **tissues** to the ____.
## Footnote
*Functions of lymphatic vessels*
Lymph Nodes
62
**Transport absorbed fat** to the blood via **special lymphatic capillaries** in the intestine called ____.
## Footnote
*Functions of lymphatic vessels*
Lacteals
63
Together with the ____ and the ____ **form the lymphatic system**, important for body defenses.
## Footnote
*Functions of lymphatic vessels*
Lymph and Lymph Nodes
64
**Small**, oval or **bean-shaped** secondary lymphoid organs **arrayed** along lymphatic vessels.
Lymph Nodes
65
**Clusters** of lymph nodes are found where **several** lymphatic vessels converge.
* Inguinal Region
* Axillary Region
* Cervical Region
66
**Filter the lymph** by removing ____ and other ____.
## Footnote
*Functions of Lymph Nodes*
Antigens and Debris
67
* Provide **sites** for the **activation** of ____ cells by **antigens**.
* These interactions **generate** immune responses.
## Footnote
*Functions of Lymph Nodes*
B and T Cells
68
* Carry lymph **into** a lymph node.
* **Carry antigen-containing lymph** from the tissues into the node.
* Several of these feed into a **single node** on its **convex** side.
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
69
* Carry lymph **away** from a lymph node.
* There are **fewer** of these vessels per node.
* **Stows the flow** of lymph through the node, allowing for **more thorough cleansing** as lymph percolates through passages lined with dendritic cells, lymphocytes and macrophages.
* Lymph is **filtered by several nodes** before it is emptied into the **venous** circulation.
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
70
* Covered by a **dense connective tissue capsule**.
* Separated into **sections** by the bundles of **collagen fibers** that extend from the capsule into the node.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Trabeculae
71
* First of a **series of sinuses**, interconnected dilated channels, through which the **lymph flows** as it passes through the lymph node.
* Lymph from the **afferent** lymphatic vessels **empties** here and then flows into sinuses in the **outer cortex**.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Subcapsular Sinus
72
**B cells** are found organized into **oval-shaped lymphoid follicles** in here.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Outer Cortex
73
Follicles that contain **lighter-staining central areas**; formed by **B cells** proliferating in response to **antigen**.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node: Outer Cortex*
Germinal Center
74
Where **lymphocytes** exit blood vessels and **enter lymph nodes**.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Deep Cortex
75
**Encounter antigens** presented by **dendritic cells**.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node: Deep Cortex*
T Cells
76
**Shaped** into elongated masses of cells called medullary cords.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Central Medulla
77
* **Elongated** masses of cells.
* Contain both types of **lymphocytes** as well as **macrophages** and **plasma cells**, which are derived from **B cells**.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Medullary Cords
78
**Shallow** indentation where **efferent** lymphatic vessels and **blood vessels** are found.
## Footnote
*Structure of Lymph Node*
Hilum
79
* High **vascular** organ because it **cleans** the blood.
* **Fist-sized**, **blood-rich** organ located to the left of and dorsal to the stomach.
* Performs the same **cleansing** function for the blood as the **lymph nodes** do for the lymph.
* **Removes** pathogens, aged erythrocytes, and platelets from the blood.
* **Stores** platelets and **breakdown** products of erythrocytes.
* Provides a **site for the interaction** of lymphocytes with antigens.
* Allows intimate **contact** between blood and lymphocytes.
Spleen
80
Multiple branches of the **splenic artery** and **vein** enter and leave the spleen at the ____.
Hilum
81
Just like the lymph nodes, the spleen is **surrounded** by a ____.
Fibrous Capsule
82
Fibrous capsule has **extensions of connective tissue** called ____.
Trabeculae
83
**Most** of the spleen is made of ____, which **looks dark** in fresh splenic tissue.
Red Pulp
84
Sites where **filtering** and **processing** of red blood cells and pathogens occur.
Areas of Red Pulp
85
**Lighter** colored islands of **white pulp** surround the ____.
Central Arteries
86
Made up of **collections of lymphocytes**.
White Pulp
87
A red blood cell through the spleen.
* **Blood enters** the spleen through multiple branches of the **splenic artery**.
* The branches **divide** further, eventually forming **central arteries** surrounded by white pulp.
* The central arteries **divide** further into **smaller arterioles** that carry blood deeper into the **red pulp** of the spleen.
* Blood **leaves** the arterioles and **filters** directly into the red pulp.
* The **red pulp** consists of a network of **reticular fibers** studded with **fibroblasts** and **macrophages**, called the **splenic cords**.
* Blood trickles through the **spaces** within these cords and squeezes into the **venous sinusoids**, thus returning to the **venous circulation**.
* **Macrophages** recognize and remove aged erythrocytes and platelets. In addition, **older erythrocytes** often break into fragments while squeezing into the sinusoids.
* These **fragments** are then **cleaned up** by the splenic macrophages.
88
In **stained splenic tissue**, the **white pulp** actually looks ____ than the **red pulp** because of the many **darkly staining nuclei** of densely packed lymphocytes.
Darker
89
The **white pulp** consists of ____ cells.
B and T Cells
90
Mostly in **follicles**, some of which have **lighter**-staining germinal centers.
B Cells
91
**B and T cells** wander through the **white pulp** where they encounter their ____.
Antigens
92
Primarily responsible for **removing old erythrocytes**.
Red Pulp
93
**Site** of **immune** interactions between antigens and lymphocytes.
White Pulp
94
* **Guards** the mucosae.
* Collections of **lymphoid tissue**.
* Distributed throughout the **mucosa**.
* **Inclusion**: tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s Patches (small intestine).
* Includes **diffuse collections** of cells in respiratory and other mucosae.
* Consists of **unencapsulated** or **partially encapsulated** collections of lymphocytes.
* Contains both **B cells** (in follicles) and **T cells**.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (*MALT*)
95
The ____ of the **digestive** tract, **respiratory** tract, and **genitourinary** systems are **vulnerable** to invasion by pathogens because they are **exposed** to the external environment.
Mucosal Surfaces
96
____ tonsils found at the **posterior** end of the **oral cavity**.
Two Palatine
97
Embedded in the **wall** of the **nasopharynx**.
Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)
98
Collection of **lymphoid nodules** at the **base** of the tongue.
Lingual Tonsil
99
* **Trap** microorganisms that **enter** the body through the oral or nasal cavities.
* Can become **overwhelmed** by bacteria, becoming **sites** that harbor, rather than kill the organisms.
Tonsils
100
Carried **deep** into the tonsils via the **crypts**, **stimulate** an immune response and lead to the formation of **abundant germinal centers**.
Microorganisms
