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Cardiovascular System III Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Arterial branches of the ascending aorta.
  2. Serve the heart.
A
  1. Right (R) Coronary Artery
  2. Left (L) Coronary Artery
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2
Q
  1. First branch off the aortic arch.
  2. Splits into: R common carotid artery (further branches into the R internal and R external carotid arteries) and R subclavian artery.

Arterial branches of the aortic arch.

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk

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3
Q
  1. Second branch off the aortic arch.
  2. Divides forming the: L internal carotid (serves the brain) and L external carotid (serves the skin and muscles of the head and neck.

Arterial branches of the aortic arch.

A

L Common Carotid Artery

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4
Q
  1. Third branch off the aortic arch.
  2. Gives off an important branch: Vertebral artery (serves part of the brain)

Arterial branches of the aortic arch.

A

L Subclavian Artery

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5
Q
  1. In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes ____ artery, continues into the arm as the ____ artery which supplies the arm.
  2. At the elbow, the brachial artery splits to form the ____ artery and ____ artery which serve the forearm.

Arterial branches of the aortic arch: Third branch

A
  1. Axillary, Brachial
  2. Radial, Ulnar
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6
Q
  1. Composed of the intercostal arteries (10 pairs) that supply the muscles of the thoracic wall.
  2. Other branches: Bronchial arteries (lungs), Esophageal arteries (esophagus) and Phrenic arteries (diaphragm)
A

Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aorta

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7
Q
  1. First branch of the abdominal aorta.
  2. Single vessel that has three branches: L gastric artery (stomach), Splenic artery (spleen) and Common hepatic artery (liver)

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Celiac Trunk

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8
Q

Supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine or colon.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Unpaired Superior Mesenteric Artery

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9
Q

Serve the kidneys.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

R and L Renal Arteries

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10
Q
  1. Supply the gonads.
  2. Ovarian arteries (females, serving the ovaries)
  3. Testicular arteries (males, serving the testes)

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

R and L Gonadal Arteries

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11
Q

Several pairs of arteries serving the heavy muscles of the abdomen and trunk walls.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Lumbar Arteries

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12
Q

Small, unpaired artery supplying the second half of the large intestine.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

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13
Q
  1. Final branches of the abdominal aorta.
  2. Each divides into an: Internal iliac artery (pelvic organs - bladder, rectum) and External iliac artery (enters the thigh where it becomes the femoral artery)

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

R and L Common Iliac Arteries

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14
Q

Femoral artery and its branch that serves the thigh.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Deep Artery of the Thigh

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15
Q

At the knee, the femoral artery becomes the ____ artery, which then splits into the ____ artery and ____ artery which supply the leg and foot.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Politeal, Anterior Tibial and Posterior Tibial

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16
Q

Anterior tibial artery terminates in the ____ artery which via the ____ artery supplies the dorsum of the foot.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Dorsalis Pedis, Arcuate

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17
Q

Often palpated in patients with circulatory problems of the legs to determine whether the distal part of the leg has adequate circulation.

A

Dorsalis Pedis

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18
Q
  1. Generally located in deep, well-protected body areas.
  2. More superficial and some are easily seen and palpated on the body surface, naming of these are identical to that of their companion arteries.
A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
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19
Q
  1. Branch off the aorta.
  2. Converge on the venae cavae which enter the right atrium of the heart.
A
  1. Major Systemic Arteries
  2. Veins
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20
Q
  1. Veins draining the head and arms empty into.
  2. Draining the lower body empty into.
A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Inferior Vena Cava
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21
Q

Distal-to-proximal direction = same direction the blood flows into the superior vena cava.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava

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22
Q
  1. Deep veins draining the forearm.
  2. Unite to form the: Deep brachial vein (drains the arm) and empties into the, Axillary vein (in the axillary region)

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Radial Vein and Ulnar Vein

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23
Q

Provides for the superficial drainage of the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Cephalic Vein

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24
Q

Superficial vein that drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein proximally.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Basilic Vein

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25
Q

Joined at the anterior aspect of the elbow by the median cubital vein.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Basilic and Cephalic Veins

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26
Q

Often chosen as the site for withdrawing blood for the purpose of blood testing.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Median Cubital Vein

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27
Q

Receives venous blood from the arm through the axillary vein and from the skin and muscles of the head through the external jugular vein.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Subclavian Vein

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28
Q

Drains the posterior part of the head.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Vertebral Vein

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29
Q

Drains the dural sinuses of the brain.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Internal Jugular Vein

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30
Q
  1. Large veins that receive venous drainage from the subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins.
  2. Join to form the superior vena cava which enters the heart.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

R and L Brachiocephalic Veins

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31
Q

Single vein that drains the thorax and enters the superior vena cava just before it joins the heart.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Azygos Vein

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32
Q

Much longer than the superior vena cava and returns blood to the heart from all body regions inferior to the diaphragm.

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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33
Q

Drain the leg (calf and foot)

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A
  1. Anterior Tibial Vein
  2. Posterior Tibial Vein
  3. Fibular Vein
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34
Q

Posterior tibial vein becomes the ____ vein at the knee and the ____ vein in the thigh.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

Popliteal, Femoral

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35
Q

Femoral vein becomes the ____ vein as it enters the pelvis.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

External Iliac Vein

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36
Q
  1. Longest veins in the body.
  2. Receive the superficial drainage of the leg.
  3. Begin at the dorsal venous arch in the foot and travel up the medial aspect of the leg to empty into the femoral vein.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

Great Saphenous Veins

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37
Q
  1. Formed by the union of the external iliac vein and internal iliac vein (drains the pelvis)
  2. Join to form the inferior vena cava which then ascends superiorly in the abdominal cavity.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

Each R and L Common Iliac Vein

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38
Q

Drains the right ovary in females and right testicle in males.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

R Gonadal Vein

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39
Q

Empties into the left renal vein superiorly.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

L Gonadal Vein

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40
Q

Drain the kidneys.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

R and L Renal Veins

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41
Q

Single vein that drains the digestive tract organs and carries this blood through the liver before it enters the systemic circulation.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

42
Q

Drain the liver.

Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

A

R and L Hepatic Veins

43
Q

Two pairs of arteries that supplies the brain.

A

Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries

44
Q
  1. Branches of the common carotid arteries and run through the neck and enter the skull through the temporal bone.
  2. Once inside the cranium, each divides into the ____ artery and ____ artery which supply most of the cerebrum.
A
  1. Internal Carotid Arteries
  2. Anterior Cerebral and Middle Cerebral
45
Q

Pass upward from the subclavian arteries at the base of the neck.

A

Paired Vertebral Arteries

46
Q
  1. Within the skull, the vertebral arteries join to form the single ____.
  2. Serves the brain stem and cerebellum as it travels upward.
  3. At the base of the cerebrum, this divides to form the posterior cerebral arteries which supply the posterior part of the cerebrum.
A

Basilar Artery

47
Q

Unite the anterior and posterior blood supplies of the brain.

A

Small Communicating Arterial Branches

48
Q
  1. Complete circle of connecting blood vessels.
  2. Surrounds the base of the brain.
  3. Protects the brain by providing more than one route for blood to reach brain tissue.
A

Cerebral Arterial Circle or Circle of Willis

49
Q

Veins that drain the digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas and deliver this blood through the hepatic portal vein.

A

Hepatic Portal Circulation

50
Q
  1. Key body organ involved in maintaining proper glucose, fat, and protein concentrations in the blood.
  2. Allows blood to “take a detour” to ensure that it processes these substances before they enter the systemic circulation.
  3. Helps detoxify blood.
  4. Some of the nutrients are removed to be stored or processed in various ways.
  5. Drained by the hepatic veins that enter the inferior vena cava.
51
Q

Major vessels composing the hepatic portal circulation.

A
  1. Inferior and Superior Mesenteric Veins
  2. Splenic Vein
  3. Left Gastric Vein
52
Q

Drains the terminal part of the large intestine and drains into the splenic vein.

A

Inferior Mesenteric Vein

53
Q

Itself drains the spleen, pancreas, and the left side of the stomach.

A

Splenic Vein

54
Q

Join to form the hepatic portal vein.

A
  1. Splenic Vein
  2. Superior Mesenteric Vein (drains the small intestine and first part of the colon)
55
Q

Drains the right side of the stomach and drains directly into the hepatic portal vein.

A

L Gastric Vein

56
Q

Vital signs in clinical settings.

A

Respiratory Rate and Body Temperature

57
Q

Alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creating a pressure wave that travels through the arterial system.

58
Q

Pulse rate > ____ surges per minute equals the heart rate > ____ per minute.

A

Pressure, Beats

59
Q

Pulse averages ____ beats per minute in a healthy resting person.

60
Q

Influences pulse rate.

A
  1. Activity
  2. Postural Changes
  3. Emotions
61
Q

Feel any pulse in any artery by ____ the artery against firm tissue = easy way of counting heart rate.

A

Compressing

62
Q

Point where the radial artery surfaces at the wrist.

A

Radial Pulse

63
Q

Same points are compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during significant blood loss or hemorrhage.

A

Pressure Points

64
Q

Any system equipped with a ____ that forces fluid through a ____ network of closed tubes operates under pressure.

A

Pump, One-way

65
Q
  1. Pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels.
  2. Force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats.
  3. Pressure within the large systemic arteries near the heart.
A

Blood Pressure

66
Q

When the ventricles ____, they force into large, thick-walled ____ arteries close to the heart that ____ as the blood is pushed into them.

A

Contract, Elastic, Expand

67
Q

____ pressure in these elastic arteries forces the blood to continuously move into areas where pressure is lower.

68
Q

Pressure is highest in ____ arteries closest to the heart and continues to drop throughout the systemic pathway, reaching ____ at the right atrium.

A

Large, Zero

69
Q

Blood flows continuously along a ____ from high to low pressure.

A

Pressure Gradient

70
Q

____ activity of the skeletal muscles and ____ changes in the thorax ensure blood flows back to the heart to be pumped out to the body again.

A

Milking, Pressure

71
Q

If a ____ is cut, the blood flows evenly from the wound.

72
Q

Produces rapid spurts of blood.

A

Lacerated Artery

73
Q

Continuous blood flow depends on ____ of the larger arteries and their ability to ____ and keep exerting ____ on the blood as it flows into the rest of the vascular system.

A

Stretchiness, Recoil, Pressure

74
Q

Elasticity of arteries gets lost.

A

Arteriosclerosis

75
Q

Early stage of arteriosclerosis.

A

Atherosclerosis

76
Q
  1. The off- and on- flow of blood into the arteries as the heart alternately contracts and relaxes causes the ____ to rise and fall during each beat.
  2. Reported in mm Hg with the higher systolic pressure written first.
A

Blood Pressure

77
Q

Two arterial blood pressures measured.

A
  1. Systolic Pressure
  2. Diastolic Pressure
78
Q

Pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction.

A

Systolic Pressure

79
Q

Pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.

A

Diastolic Pressure

80
Q
  1. Systemic arterial blood pressure is measured indirectly.
  2. Used to measure blood pressure in the brachial artery of the arm.
A

Auscultatory Method

81
Q
  1. Arterial blood pressure is directly related to ____ and ____.
  2. BP = CO x PR
A

Cardiac Output (CO) and Peripheral Resistance (PO)

82
Q

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.

A

Cardiac Output

83
Q

Amount of friction or resistance to flow the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels.

A

Peripheral Resistance

84
Q

Most important factor that increase PR.

A

Constriction or Narrowing of Blood Vessels (especially Arterioles)

85
Q

Increased ____ and ____ also raises PR.

A

Blood Volume and Blood Viscosity

86
Q

Any factors that increases either CO or PR causes an almost ____ rise in blood pressure.

87
Q

Many factors that can alter blood pressure.

A
  1. Age
  2. Weight
  3. Time of Day
  4. Exercise
  5. Body Position
  6. Emotional State
  7. Various Drugs
88
Q

Major action of the sympathetic nerves on the vascular system which increases the blood pressure.

A

Vasoconstriction or Narrowing of Blood Vessels

89
Q

Activated to cause vasoconstriction.

A

Sympathetic Center in the Medulla Oblongata

90
Q

Activates the large arteries of the neck and chest where they send warning signals that result in reflexive vasoconstriction, quickly increasing blood pressure back to the homeostatic level.

A

Pressoreceptors or Baroreceptors

91
Q

Blood volume suddenly decreases, blood pressure ____ and the heart begins to beat more ____ as it tries to compensate by ____ the remaining blood more quickly.

A

Drops, Rapidly, Circulating

92
Q
  1. Blood loss ____ venous return, heart also beats weakly and inefficiently.
  2. SNS causes vasoconstriction to ____ blood pressure so that venous return increases and circulation can continue.
A
  1. Reduces
  2. Increase
93
Q

Exercise vigorously or are frightened and have to make a hasty escape = generalized vasoconstriction occurs except in the ____ muscles.

94
Q

Vessels of the skeletal muscles ____ to increase the blood flow to the working muscles.

95
Q

____ nerves never cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the heart or brain.

A

Sympathetic

96
Q

Play a major role in regulating arterial blood pressure by altering blood volume.

97
Q
  1. Allow more water to leave the body in the urine as blood pressure or blood volume ____ above normal.
  2. Source of this water is in the ____ = blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases.
  3. Arterial blood pressure falls, kidneys retain body water, ____ blood pressure and blood volume.
  4. Increase blood volume and blood pressure, ____ must be ingested or adminstered intravenously.
A
  1. Increases
  2. Bloodstream
  3. Maintaining
  4. Fluids
98
Q
  1. Enzyme released into the blood when arterial blood pressure is low.
  2. Triggers a series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of Angiotensin II.
99
Q
  1. A potent vasoconstrictor chemical.
  2. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
A

Angiotensin II

100
Q
  1. A hormone that enhances sodium ion reabsorption by the kidneys.
  2. As sodium ions move into the blood, ____ follows.
  3. Blood volume and blood pressure ____ in response.
A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Water
  3. Rise

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