Cardiovascular System IV Flashcards
- Has a vasoconstricting effect.
- Cold compresses prevent swelling of bruised area.
Cold
- Has a vasodilating effect.
- Skin reddens during exercise as body temperature increases.
- Warm compresses are used to speed the circulation into an inflammed area.
Heat
Chemical that increases both heart rate and blood pressure.
Epinephrine
Chemical that increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
Nicotine
Chemicals that cause vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.
Alcohol and Histamine
Diet low in ____, saturated ____, and ____ helps to prevent hypertension or high blood pressure.
Salt, Fats, Cholesterol
Normal adults at rest, ____ blood pressure varies between 110 and 140 mm Hg and ____ blood pressure between 70 and 80 mm Hg.
Systolic, Diastolic
Systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg.
Hypotension or Low Blood Pressure
Elderly people experience temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when they rise suddenly from a reclining or sitting position.
Orthostatic Hypotension
- May hint at poor nutrition and inadequate levels of blood proteins.
- Blood viscosity is low = blood pressure is lower than normal.
Chronic Hypotension
- Acute hypotension is one of the most important warnings.
- Condition in which the blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally.
Circulatory Shock
Pathological and defined as a condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher.
Persistent Hypertension
- Common and dangerous disease that warns of increased peripheral resistance.
- Progresses without symptoms for the first 10 to 20 years, slowly and surely strains the heart and damages the arteries.
- Heart is forced to pump against increased resistance, myocardium enlarges.
Chronic Hypertension
Ravages blood vessels, causing small tears in endothelium that accelerate the progress of atherosclerosis.
Hypertension
90 percent of hypertensive people acquire this and cannot be attributed to any specific organic cause.
Primary (Essential) Hypertension
More ____ and ____ are hypertensive.
Women and Black
Form an intricate network among the body’s cells and no substance has to diffuse very far to enter or leave a cell.
Capillaries
Where substances to be exchanged are diffused located between cells.
Interstitial Fluid
Substances tend to move to and from body cells according to their.
Concentration Gradients
- Oxygen and nutrients ____ the blood and ____ into cells.
- Carbon dioxide and other wastes ____ the cells and ____ the blood.
- Leave, Move
- Exit, Enter
Substances entering or leaving the blood may take one of the ____ routes across the plasma membranes of the single layer of endothelial cells forming the ____ wall.
Four, Capillary
Direct diffusion through membrane.
Substances that can diffuse directly through their plasma membranes.
Lipid-Soluble Substances (Respiratory Gases and Carbon Dioxide)
Diffusion through intercelullar clefts.
Gaps between cells in the capillary wall which allow limited passage fluid and small solutes. Most have these except for brain capillaries.
Intercellular Clefts
Diffusion through pores.
1. Allow free passage of small solutes and fluids. Found where absorption is a priority (intestinal capillaries or capillaries serving endocrine glands) or where filtration occurs (kidneys)
2. Oval pore or opening usually covered by delicate membrane. Much more permeable than other regions of the plasma membrane.
- Fenestrated Capillaries
- Fenestra
Transport via vesicles.
1. Certain lipid-insoluble substances that may enter or leave the blood and/or pass through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells within vesicles.
2. Substances unable to pass by one of these routes that are prevented from leaving or entering the capillaries.
- Endocytosis or Exocytosis
- Protein Molecules (in plasma or interstitial fluid) and Blood Cells
Ability of a solution to pull water towards itself.
Osmotic Pressure
Blood pressure is ____ than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of capillary bed and is ____ osmotic pressure at the venous end.
Higher, Lower
