Cardiovascular System IV

Question 1

1. Has a vasoconstricting effect.
2. Cold compresses prevent swelling of bruised area.

Answer 1

Cold

Question 2

1. Has a vasodilating effect.
2. Skin reddens during exercise as body temperature increases.
3. Warm compresses are used to speed the circulation into an inflammed area.

Answer 2

Heat

Question 3

Chemical that increases both heart rate and blood pressure.

Answer 3

Epinephrine

Question 4

Chemical that increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.

Answer 4

Nicotine

Question 5

Chemicals that cause vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.

Answer 5

Alcohol and Histamine

Question 6

Diet low in ____, saturated ____, and ____ helps to prevent hypertension or high blood pressure.

Answer 6

Salt, Fats, Cholesterol

Question 7

Normal adults at rest, ____ blood pressure varies between 110 and 140 mm Hg and ____ blood pressure between 70 and 80 mm Hg.

Answer 7

Systolic, Diastolic

Question 8

Systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg.

Answer 8

Hypotension or Low Blood Pressure

Question 9

Elderly people experience temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when they rise suddenly from a reclining or sitting position.

Answer 9

Orthostatic Hypotension

Question 10

1. May hint at poor nutrition and inadequate levels of blood proteins.
2. Blood viscosity is low = blood pressure is lower than normal.

Answer 10

Chronic Hypotension

Question 11

1. Acute hypotension is one of the most important warnings.
2. Condition in which the blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally.

Answer 11

Circulatory Shock

Question 12

Pathological and defined as a condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher.

Answer 12

Persistent Hypertension

Question 13

1. Common and dangerous disease that warns of increased peripheral resistance.
2. Progresses without symptoms for the first 10 to 20 years, slowly and surely strains the heart and damages the arteries.
3. Heart is forced to pump against increased resistance, myocardium enlarges.

Answer 13

Chronic Hypertension

Question 14

Ravages blood vessels, causing small tears in endothelium that accelerate the progress of atherosclerosis.

Answer 14

Hypertension

Question 15

90 percent of hypertensive people acquire this and cannot be attributed to any specific organic cause.

Answer 15

Primary (Essential) Hypertension

Question 16

More ____ and ____ are hypertensive.

Answer 16

Women and Black

Question 17

Form an intricate network among the body’s cells and no substance has to diffuse very far to enter or leave a cell.

Answer 17

Capillaries

Question 18

Where substances to be exchanged are diffused located between cells.

Answer 18

Interstitial Fluid

Question 19

Substances tend to move to and from body cells according to their.

Answer 19

Concentration Gradients

Question 20

1. Oxygen and nutrients ____ the blood and ____ into cells.
2. Carbon dioxide and other wastes ____ the cells and ____ the blood.

Answer 20

1. Leave, Move
2. Exit, Enter

Question 21

Substances entering or leaving the blood may take one of the ____ routes across the plasma membranes of the single layer of endothelial cells forming the ____ wall.

Answer 21

Four, Capillary

Question 22

Direct diffusion through membrane.
Substances that can diffuse directly through their plasma membranes.

Answer 22

Lipid-Soluble Substances (Respiratory Gases and Carbon Dioxide)

Question 23

Diffusion through intercelullar clefts.
Gaps between cells in the capillary wall which allow limited passage fluid and small solutes. Most have these except for brain capillaries.

Answer 23

Intercellular Clefts

Question 24

Diffusion through pores.
1. Allow free passage of small solutes and fluids. Found where absorption is a priority (intestinal capillaries or capillaries serving endocrine glands) or where filtration occurs (kidneys)
2. Oval pore or opening usually covered by delicate membrane. Much more permeable than other regions of the plasma membrane.

Answer 24

1. Fenestrated Capillaries
2. Fenestra

Question 25

Transport via vesicles.
1. Certain lipid-insoluble substances that may enter or leave the blood and/or pass through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells within vesicles.
2. Substances unable to pass by one of these routes that are prevented from leaving or entering the capillaries.

Answer 25

1. Endocytosis or Exocytosis
2. Protein Molecules (in plasma or interstitial fluid) and Blood Cells

Question 26

Ability of a solution to pull water towards itself.

Answer 26

Osmotic Pressure

Question 27

Blood pressure is ____ than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of capillary bed and is ____ osmotic pressure at the venous end.

Answer 27

Higher, Lower