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ANA > Lymphatic System I > Flashcards

Lymphatic System I Flashcards

1
Q
  • Carries excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to cardiovascular circulation.
  • Provides locations for immune cells to monitor the body.
A

Lymphatic System

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2
Q

Take in fluids from the extracellular space and carry them through lymph nodes.

A

Porous Lymphatic Vessels

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3
Q

Where immune cells scan the fluids for foreign particles.

A

Lymph Nodes

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4
Q

Must be returned to circulation via lymphatics to maintain cardiovascular function.

A

Fluid

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5
Q

Two parts of lymphatic systems.

A
  1. Meandering Network of Lymphatic Vessels
  2. Various Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
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6
Q

Transport fluids that have escaped from the blood back to the cardiovascular system.

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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7
Q

House phagocytic cells and lymphocytes which play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease.

A

Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

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8
Q
  • Fluid that remains behind in the tissue spaces (3L daily) becomes part of the ____.
  • This excess tissue fluid and any plasma proteins that escape from the blood must be carried back to the blood to have sufficient blood volume.
A

Interstitial Fluid

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9
Q

Fluid that accumulates in the tissues.

A

Edema or Swelling

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10
Q

Impairs the ability of cells to make exchanges with the interstitial fluid and ultimately the blood.

A

Excessive Edema

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11
Q
  • Their function is to form an elaborate drainage system that picks up this excess interstitial fluid now called the lymph (clear water) and returns it to the blood.
  • Form a one-way system where lymph moves only toward the heart.
A

Lymphatic Vessels or Lymphatics

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12
Q
  • Weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body and absorb the leaked fluid.
  • Remarkably permeable that once thought to be open at one end.
A

Microscopic Lymph Capillaries

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13
Q

Edges of the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries forming the walls loosely overlap one another, forming flaplike ____ that act as one-way swinging doors.

A

Minivalves

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14
Q

Anchored by fine collagen fibers to surrounding structures.

A

Flaps

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15
Q

The flaps gape open when the fluid pressure is higher in the ____, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary.

A

Interstitial Space

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16
Q

When the pressure is higher inside the ____, the endothelial cell flaps are forced together, preventing the lymph from leaking back out and forcing it along the vessel.

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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17
Q

Normally prevented from entering blood capillaries but they enter the lymphatic capillaries easily, particularly in inflamed areas.

A
  • Proteins
  • Cell Debris
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
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18
Q

Cells that travel in lymph and that lymph takes detours through the lymph nodes.

A

White Blood Cells

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19
Q

Where the WBCs are cleansed of debris and examined by cells of the immune system.

A

Lymph Nodes

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20
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels where lymph is transported from the lymph capillaries until returned to the venous circulation through two large ducts in the thoracic region.

A

Lymphatic Collecting Vessels

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21
Q

Drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

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22
Q

Receives lymph from the rest of the body.

A

Large Thoracic Duct

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23
Q

Empty the lymph into the subclavian vein on their own side of the body.

A

Both Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct

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24
Q

Thin walled and the larger vessels have valves.

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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25
Q

A low-pressure, pumpless system.

A

Lymphatic System

26
Q

Transported by the same mechanisms that aid return of venous blood: milking action of the skeletal muscles and pressure changes in thorax during breathing = muscular and respiratory pumps.

A

Lymph

27
Q

Contracts rhythmically helping to pump the lymph along.

A

Smooth Muscle in the Walls of the Larger Lymphatics

28
Q
  • Help protect the body by removing foreign material (bacteria and tumor cells) from the lymphatic stream.
  • Provide a place where lymphocytes that function in the immune response can be activated.
A

Cells in Lymph Nodes

29
Q

Three regions of the body where large clusters of lymph are found.

A
  • Inguinal
  • Axillary
  • Cervical
30
Q

As lymph is transported toward the heart, it is filtered through thousands of ____.

A

Lymph Nodes

31
Q
  • Located within the lymph nodes.
  • Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph before it is returned to the blood.
A

Macrophages

32
Q

Type of WBC located in the lymph nodes and respond to foreign substances in the lymphatic stream.

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q
  • Vary in shape and size but most are kidney-shaped, about 1 cm long, buried in the connective tissue that surrounds them.
  • Each is surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
A

Lymph Nodes

34
Q

Connective tissue strands that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments.

A

Trabeculae

35
Q

Outer part of the node that contains follicles.

A

Cortex

36
Q

Collection of lymphocytes.

A

Follicles

37
Q
  • Many follicles that have dark-staining centers.
  • Enlarge when specific B lymphocytes (B Cells) are generating daughter cells (plasma cells) that release antibodies.
A

Germinal Centers

38
Q

Inward extensions of cortical tissue that contain both B and T cells.

A

Medullary Cords

39
Q

Where phagocytic macrophages are located.

A

Central Medulla

40
Q
  • Referred to the Peyer’s patches, appendix, and tonsils that are part of this collection of small lymphoid tissues.
  • Act as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering the cavities.
A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

41
Q

Two types of mechanisms that defend the body against enemies that make up the immune system.

A

Innate and Adaptive Defense Mechanisms

42
Q
  • Responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances.
  • Humans are born with these defenses.
  • Reduce the workload of the adaptive defense mechanisms by generally preventing the entry and spread of microorganisms.
A

Innate Defense System or Nonspecific Defense System

43
Q
  • Fights invaders that get past innate defenses by mounting an attack against one or more particular foreign substances.
  • Must first meet an initial exposure to a foreign substance (antigen) before it can protect the body against the invader.
  • Remembers which invaders it has fought as it has both specificity and memory.
A

Adaptive Defense System or Specific Defense System

44
Q

Resulting highly specific resistance to disease.

A

Immunity

45
Q

Refers to the mechanical barriers that cover body surfaces and to the cells and chemicals that act on the initial battlefronts to protect the body from invading pathogens.

A

Body Defense

46
Q

Nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured.

A

Inflammatory Response

47
Q

Four most common indicators (cardinal signs) of acute inflammation.

A
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Swelling
48
Q

Inflammatory chemicals released when cells are damaged that cause:
* Blood vessels in the area to dilate.
* Make capillaries leaky.
* Attract phagocytes and white blood cells to the area.

A

Histamine and Kinins

49
Q

Enhances the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce.

A

Antimicrobial Proteins

50
Q

Refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state.

A

Complement

51
Q
  • Abnormally high body temperature.
  • A systemic response to invading microorganisms.
A

Fever

52
Q

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response.

A

Antigen

53
Q
  • Produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity.
  • Can target specific extracellular antigens.
A

B Lymphocytes or B Cells

54
Q
  • Constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.
  • Can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells.
A

T Lymphocytes or T Cells

55
Q
  • Also referred to as immunoglobulins.
  • Constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins.
  • Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen.
  • Capable of binding specifically with that antigen.
A

Antibodies

56
Q

Occurs where antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury.

A

Neutralization

57
Q

A process that causes clumping of foreign cells.

A

Agglutination

58
Q

Chemicals released by macrophages and dendritic cells that play important roles in immune response.

A

Cytokines

59
Q

Specialized in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly.

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

60
Q

Release chemicals that suppress the activity of both B and T cells.

A

Regulatory T Cells

ANA (7 decks)

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