Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

What is the function of lymph?

Answer 1

• absorb dietary fat and deliver to bloodstream
• collection of excess interstitial fluids
• delivers excess fluid to bloodstream
• delivers foreign particles to lymph nodes

Question 2

How is lymph moved?

Answer 2

• skeletal muscle action
• respiratory movement
• smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessels
• valves in lymphatic vessels

Question 3

What is function of lymph nodes?

Answer 3

• filter potentially harmful particles from lymph
• immune surveillance by macrophages & lymphocytes
• produces lymphocytes

Question 4

What does the thymus do?

Answer 4

• produces T lymphocytes

- secretes thymosins

Question 5

Important to know about the spleen?

Answer 5

• largest lymphatic organ
• located in upper left abdominal quadrant
• sinuses filled with blood
• contains white pulp (lymphocytes)
• contains red pulp (RBC, lymphocytes, macrophages)

Question 6

What are pathogens?

Answer 6

disease causing agent (bacteria, virus, complex microorganism, spores of multicellular organism)

Question 7

What is innate defenses?

Answer 7

General defenses that protect against many pathogens, this is nonspecific immunity

Question 8

What is adaptive defenses?

Answer 8

• specific immunity

- carried out by lymphocytes

Question 9

What are the mechanisms for nonspecific immunity?

Answer 9

• mecanical barrieers (skin, mucous membrane)
• chemical barriers (enzymes, pH)
• Natural killer cells
• inflammation (prevents the spread of infectious agents)
• phagocytosis
• fever

Question 10

What are the mechanisms for specific (adaptive) immunity?

Answer 10

• resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products
• is based on the ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self”
• antigens elicit immune response
• most effective antigens are large and complex

Question 11

What are Haptens?

Answer 11

small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves

Question 12

T cells and B cells original where?

Answer 12

Red Bone Marrow

Question 13

T cell and B cells are differentiated where?

Answer 13

T cells - thymus

B cells - red bone marrow

Question 14

Primary locations of T cells and B cells are?

Answer 14

lymphatic tissues and blood.

• T cells (70-80% of lymphocytes in blood)
• B cells (20-30% of lymphocytes in blood)

Question 15

Do T cells and B cells provide direct or indirect immunity defense?

Answer 15

• T cells attack directly

- B cells are indirect, they produce antibodies to attack

Question 16

Steps of B cell antibody production.

Answer 16

1. antigen-bearing agent enters tissue.
2. B cell activated when if encounter an antigen that B cell fits its receptor.
3. Either alone, or with helper T cell, B cell proliferates
4. Some of B cell differentiates further into plasma cells.
5. Plasma cells synthesize and create antibodies
6. antibodies combine with antigen-bearing agents, helping to destroy them.

Question 17

Steps of T cell antibody production.

Answer 17

1. antigen-bearing agent enters tissue.
2. an accessory cell (ex: macrophages) phagocytize’s (basically eats) the antigen and lysosomes digest it.
3. the digested antigen is displayed on the surface of the accessory cell.
4. Helper T cells are activated when they encounter accessory cells that have digested antigen on surface.
5. Activated helper T cells release cytokines when it encounter a B cell that was previously combined with antigen-bearing agent.
6. Cytokines stimulates the B cell to proliferate.
7. Some of the simulated B cells differentiates further into antibody-secreting plasma cells.
8. antibodies combine with antigen destroying them.

Question 18

An underactive immune system or immunodeficiency disorder can be caused by?

Answer 18

• virus
• chemotherapy
• immunosuppressive drugs
• use of corticosteroids

Question 19

A hypersensativity disorder is caused by what?

Answer 19

an overreactive response to a normally benign foreign substance.

Question 20

An autoimmune disorder is caused by what?

Answer 20

when immune system cannot distinguish “self” from “non-self”

Question 21

A immunoproliferation disorder is caused by what?

Answer 21

an abnormal reproduction or multiplication of cells; leukemia or lymphoma

Question 22

What is common with both forms of passive immunity?

Answer 22

short-term effects with out stimulating an immune response.

Question 23

Artificial active immunity differs from natural active immunity how?

Answer 23

both stimulate an immune response; artificial active immunity is without server symptoms whereas natural active immunity does.

Question 24

Type 1 allergic reaction

Answer 24

Immediate-reaction allergy

• occurs minutes after contact with allergen
• example: hives, hay fever, asthma, anaphylactic shock

Question 25

Type 2 allergic reaction

Answer 25

Antibody- dependent cytotoxic reaction

• takes 1 to 3 hours to develop
• example: transfusion reaction

Question 26

Type 3 allergic reaction

Answer 26

Immune-complex reaction

• takes 1 to 3 hours to develop
• antibody complexes cannot be cleared
• damage to body tissues

Question 27

Type 4 allergic reaction

Answer 27

Delayed-reaction allergy

• results from repeated exposure to allergen
• eruptions and inflammation of the skin
• takes about 48 hours to occur

Question 28

Life-span changes to immune system

Answer 28

• declines early in life when thymus gland shrinks
• higher risk of infections
• slower antibody response
• IgA and IgG antibodies increase
• IgM and IgE antibodies decrease

Question 29

IgG is found where?

Answer 29

Plasma and tissue fluid; defends against bacteria, virus, toxins

Question 30

IgA is found where?

Answer 30

exocrine gland secretions; defends against bacteria and virus

Question 31

IgM is found where?

Answer 31

Plasma; reacts to antigens on some RBC

Question 32

IgD is found where?

Answer 32

surface of most B lymphocytes; B cell activation

Question 33

IgE

Answer 33

exocrine gland secretions; promotes inflammation and allergic reactions