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Anatomy > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Defending his infection disease. Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream

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2
Q

What do you call the fluid that is transported by the lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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3
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms include bacteria viruses fungi and parasites

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4
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The cells tissues and organs that defend the body. Primary cells of the system are lymphocytes

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5
Q

Nonspecific defences

A

Anatomical barriers
Prevent or slow entry of infectious stuff
Born with them
Don’t distinguish one threat from another

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6
Q

Specific defended

A

Immune response
Lymphocytes respond to specific threats
Adaptive bc the immune response will adapt and change depending on the type of pathogen

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7
Q

The immune system

A

The cells and tissues involved in the production of immunity
Includes: digestive, integumentary, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory

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8
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Carry fluid froM peripheral tissues to veins

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9
Q

The fluid that flows through lymphatic vessels. Similar to plasma but has less proteins

A

Lymph

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10
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Specialized cells that function in defending body

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11
Q

Lymphoid tissues

A

Collections of loose connective tissue and lymphocytes. Example is tonsils

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12
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

More complex structures, contains large number of lymphocytes, connected to lymphatic vessels. Example… Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

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13
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues and organs

A

The original place where lymphocytes are formed a matured. Example… Red bone marrow and thymus

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14
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues And organs

A

Sites were lymphocytes are activated and cloned. Appendix, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

Three functions of the lymphatic system

A

Produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes, return the fluid from peripheral tissues to the bloodstream, distribution of hormones nutrients and waste products

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16
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced

A

In the red bone marrow and stored in lymphoid organs

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17
Q

What are the smallest lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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18
Q

What do you lymphatic Capillaries do

A

One-way flow into larger lymphatic vessels, endothelial cells overlap to act as a one-way valve allowing fluids out but not in

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19
Q

What are the similarities/differences between lymphatic vessels and veins

A

The walls are both similar, both contain valves to maintain one-way flow, contraction of skeletal muscles around lymphatic vessels help the flow, eventually empties into structure is called lymphatic ducts

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20
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts

A

Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct

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21
Q

The thoracic duct collect lymph from where

A

The lower body and Lt side of body

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22
Q

What is the cisterna Chyli

A

It lives at the base of the thoracic duct it receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen the pelvis the lower limbs by way of the right and left lumbar trunk and the intestinal trunk

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23
Q

The right lymphatic Dicts collects lymph from where

A

The right side of upper body and Empties into the right subclavian vein

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24
Q

What lymphoedema

A

Fattic vessels resulting in an effective drainage. Fluid accumulates and the limb becomes swollen and distended

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25
Q

What cells make up about 80% of circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells

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26
Q

What cells make up about 10 to 15% of circulating lymphocytes

A

B cells

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27
Q

What cells make up about 5 to 10% of circulating lymphocytes

A

NK cell

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28
Q

T cells

A
  • Cytotoxic, helper and suppressive
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29
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Directly attack foreign cells or virus infected cells. Provide cell mediated immunity

30
Q

Helper T cells

A

Both stimulate and suppress other T and B cells

31
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Inhibit the activation and function of both T cells and B cells. When they work together, Suppressor T cells and helper T cells establish and control the sensitivity of the immune response

32
Q

B cells

A

When stimulated, they differentiate into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies. T cells are responsible for antibody mediated immunity. The cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells instead become memory B cells which remain and reserves to deal with future infections

33
Q

NK cells

A

“Natural killer” cells that provide innate non specific immunity. Attacked foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells. Continually monitor peripheral tissues as part of immune surveillance

34
Q

What produces lymphoid cells in the red bone marrow

A

Haemocytoblast

35
Q

How are lymphoid stem cells produced

A

One group stays in red bone marrow and makes B cells and NK cells. Second group my grades to thymus and divides to form T cells.

36
Q

What hormones influence the production of lymphocytes

A

Thymosins

37
Q

How long can lymphocytes live for

A

Five years in the blood spleen lymph nodes and other lymphoid

38
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

A

Extremely important in the digestive tract. Ex: tonsils, appendix, peyer patches

39
Q

Three lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus

40
Q

Characteristics of lymph nodes

A

Small oval organs, multiples grouped together.
Neck armpits and groin
They filter lymph from pathogens.
Destroy pathogens my macrophages and dendritic cells

41
Q

What vessel drains the lymphatic nodes

A

Efferent vessels

42
Q

Thymus

A

Make T cells

In mediastinum

43
Q

The spleen

A

Largest collection of lymphoid tissues
Filters blood not lymph and removed abnormal blood cells
Initiated stimulation of b and T cells

44
Q

What are the two types of body defences

A

Innate unity and adaptive immunity

45
Q

Explain innate immunity

A

Genetically determined, present at birth, nonspecific defences

46
Q

Explain adaptive immunity

A

Not present at birth, specific response to an antigen

47
Q

Examples of innate defences

A 
Physical barriers
Phagocytes
Immune surveillance 
Fever
Inflammation
48
Q

Explain physical barriers as a deffence

A

Keep hazardous organisms in materials inside the body such as skin and mucous membranes
- lysosomes are important

49
Q

Phagocytes as a defense mechanism

A

Cells that surround and engulf objects
Diapedesis - move into tissue by squeezing through capillary cells
Chemotaxis - attracted or repelled by chemicals

50
Q

Specialized macrophages (2)

A

Microglia - in CNS

Kupffer cells - in liver

51
Q

Explain immune surveillance

A

NK cells mainly involved
Recognize foreign cells and respond quickly. Secret perforins that create holes in The nuclei of these cells therefore killing them

52
Q

What are cytokines

A

Chemical messengers

Produce anti viral proteins, interfere with viral replication, slow the spread and stimulate macrophages and NK cells

53
Q

Histamine and heparin

A

Produces local swelling, redness heat and pain in response to localized tissue injury

54
Q

Why do we want a histamine production

A

Increases blood vessel permeability. Let’s white blood cells move out of blood and into tissues, also let’s plasma leak out ( Edema) and brings more blood flow
Pus is the dead cells

55
Q

Fever in response to pathogens

A

Greater than 37.2

Pyrogens: proteins that reset temp centre in Hypothalamus and raise body temp. Mild fever is good - increases metabolism

56
Q

Adaptive defences respond to…

A

The presence of specific antigens. Provided by coordinated activities of T and B cells resulting into self-defence specifically against pathogens

57
Q

Three features of adaptive immunity

A

Not present at birth, can be active or passive, acquired either naturally or artificially

58
Q

Adaptive immunity: specificity

A

Specific defended activated by specific antigens

59
Q

Adaptive immunity: versatility

A

Millions of different lymphocytes produced each one with a different antigen receptor

60
Q

Adaptive immunity… Memory

A

First exposure triggers development of memory cells second exposure triggers the same cells with a faster and longer lasting immune response

61
Q

Adaptive immunity… Tolerance

A

When the immune system does not respond to normal antigens. And ET or B cells that attacked normal antigens are destroyed during differentiation

62
Q

Two forms of active immunity

A

Naturally acquired… Develops after exposure to antigens in environment

Artificially induced… Develops after administering an antigen to prevent disease like a vaccine

63
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Conferred by transferring maternal antibodies across will centre or in breastmilk

64
Q

Artificially induced passive immunity

A

Conferred by administering antibodies to combat infection

Aka…. You get an infection so you take an antibiotic

65
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Called killer T cells
Cell mediated immunity
Release performing, secret cytokines that activate apoptosis (cell death) and secret lumphotoxins that disrupt target cells metabolism

66
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activists by exposure to antigens. Divide into memory and active helper T cells. Active cells secret cytokines
Stimulates both cell and antibody mediated immunity

67
Q

Memory T cells

A

Both cytotoxic and helper T cells divide into memory cells. Remain in reserve when second exposure it’s so quick to defend and identify

68
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress response to tiger t and B cells. Secret cytokines called suppression factors. Limit degree of immune response

69
Q

Epitopes

A

Antibodies bind to portions of these antigens

70
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG - largest class
IgM - first antibody produced
IgA - exocrine secretions (tears,saliva)
IgE - inflammatory and allergic responses
IgD - attached to B cells aiding in sensitization

71
Q

Six functions of antibodies

A
  1. Naturalization
  2. Precipitation and agglutination
  3. Of completion of completion
  4. Attraction of phagocytes
  5. Enhancement of phagocytosis
  6. Stimulation of inflammation

Anatomy (5 decks)

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