Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of blood
A
Distributes oxygen and carbon dioxide blood cells, nutrients, hormones, transports wastes, assists in temperature regulation, defends against diseases
2
Q
What do capillaries do
A
Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid
3
Q
Why do arteries do
A
Carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries
4
Q
What do veins do
A
Return blood from capillaries to the heart
5
Q
How many litres of blood does the average male hold
A
5 to 6 L
6
Q
How many litres of blood is the average female hold
A
4 to 5 L
7
Q
Whole blood is divided into two major properties. What are they
A
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
8
Q
What are the three components and plasma
A
7% plasma proteins, 92% water and one percent other solutes
9
Q
What is the composition of formed elements
A
Platelets 0.1%, white blood cells 0.1% and red blood cells 99.9%
10
Q
What are two facts about blood’s
Consistency and acidity
A
What is five times as viscous as water and it has a pH of 7.40 ( Normal ranges 7.35- 7.45)
11
Q
What is haematocrit
A
The percentage of whole blood volume. It is also called the packed cell volume. Average for females is 42%, and 47% in males
12
Q
List three types of plasma proteins
A
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
13
Q
Tell me about plasma proteins
A
Plasma proteins are in solution. Their large size and globular shapes usually prevent them from leaving the bloodstream. The liver synthesizes and releases more than 90% of all plasma proteins
14
Q
Tell me about platelets
A
Small, contains enzymes and other substances that help in the clotting process
15
Q
Name the five classes of leucocytes
A
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
16
Q
What are red blood cells essential for
A
Oxygen transport in the blood
17
Q
What is the Buffy coat made of
A
White blood cells and platelets
18
Q
What is the temperature of blood
A
38 Degrees Celsius just slightly above body temperature
19
Q
What are 4 characteristics of blood
A
- five times more viscous than water
- PH is slightly alkaline 7.40
- It’s a type of connective tissue
- Temperature is 38°
20
Q
What is the procedure called where whole blood is collected from veins
A
Venipuncture
21
Q
Why do we collect from arterial puncture
A
To evaluate the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs
22
Q
Plasma is made up of what three components
A
Water, plasma proteins, other solutes
23
Q
What are the three major types of plasma
A
Albumins, globulins, Fibrinogen
24
Q
What organ synthesizers 90% of plasma proteins
A
The liver
25
What is the name of the red pigment molecule found in red blood cells
Haemoglobin
26
How are red blood cell counts measured
Cells per microliter
27
What is haematocrit
The percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs
28
What is the haematocrit percentage of males versus females
Males - 46, females- 42
29
Describe the shape of red blood cells
Biconcave shape 
30
Why is the biconcave shape of red blood cells in
- large surface area allows for quicker diffusion
| - Flexible enough to squeeze through your OK pillories
31
What do red blood cells rely on to give them energy since they lack mitochondria
Anaerobic metabolism of glucose
32
Haemoglobin counts for what percentage of all RBC proteins
95%
33
Haemoglobin is made up of what proteins
4 Globular proteins each with a heme
34
What does the hemoglobin do
Oxygen binds to heme and carbon dioxide binds to globulin 
35
Name the two causes of anaemia
Low haematocrit and reduced haemoglobin
36
Three circumstances that can lead to anaemia
1 blood loss
2 not enough RBCs produced
3 too many RBCs being drestoyed
37
Explain the two causes of anemia by blood loss
Rapid blood loss and persistent blood loss
38
Characteristics of iron deficiency anaemia
Not enough red blood cells being produced as a result of blood loss or low iron intake.
Red blood cells are called microcytes (small and pale )
39
Characteristics of pernicious anemia
Autoimmune disease that destroys the stomach lining. The stomach lining produces intrinsic factor. The intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B 12. Vitamin B 12 is needed to help red blood cells divide. These cells are called macro sites
40
Renal anemia
Not enough red blood cells being produced because the kidneys cannot produce. Usually connected to renal disease
41
Aplastic anaemia
Destruction of red bone marrow. Can be caused by drugs chemicals radiation or viruses
42
What are two types of anaemia in which too many red blood cells are being destroyed
Thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia
43
Explain thalassaemia
Globin and chain is not present or faulty, red blood cells are thin delicate and deficient in hemoglobin. This is genetic
44
Explain sickle cell anaemia
Only one amino acid is wrong. Red blood cells are crescent shaped when oxygen levels are low. For example during exercise. The red blood cells are miss shaped therefore poor oxygen delivery
45
People with sickle cell anaemia cannot contract what does
Malaria
46
How to prevent sickling in Sickle cell anaemia
Nitric oxide, gene therapy, stem cell transplant, hydroxyurea
47
What is polycythaemia
When too many red blood cells are produced. Making blood thicker and slowing down blood flow
48
What is blood doping
When athletes remove store and re-infuse RBCs to increase oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to increase stamina
49
What are the downsides of blood doping
Can cause blood to be very sluggish leading to possible stroke or heart failure
50
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells
120 days
51
What happens to red blood cells when they die
They are engulfed by macro phages in the liver spleen and red bone marrow
52
What Is the process called when a red blood cell ruptures in the blood stream
hemolyze
53
What is haemoglobinuria
Red or brown Urine caused by large numbers of red blood cells breaking down in the blood stream
54
What is it called when you have excessive levels of bilirubin in blood
Jaundice
55
Explain the difference in genders when it comes to iron reserves
Men have more iron reserves than women. If inadequate and women, iron deficiency anaemia may occur
56
What is the process by which red blood cells are formed
Erythropoiesis
57
Where in the body are red blood cells formed
The red bone marrow
58
Name the stages in red blood cell maturation
1. Haemocytoblast
2. Erythroblasts
3. Reticulocytes
59
Under what circumstances are erythropoietin released
Hypoxia, when anaemia occurs, when blood flow to kidney decreases, when oxygen content in the air of the long of the clones, when damage to respiratory services occur
60
What three things do we need in our diet for erythropoiesis
acids, lipids and carbs
61
Where in the body does the iron found in haemoglobin come from
Liver spleen and bone marrow
62
What do free iron ions bind to in order to not be toxic
Proteins
63
What are EPO infusions good for
Cancer patients to recover from chemo, patient recovered from blood loss
64
What organ is mainly responsible for releasing Epo
Kidney And a tiny bit from the liver
65
What do you antigens trigger
An immune response
66
What determines your blood
The presence or absence of specific antigens on the membranes of red blood cells
67
What blood type has neither antigen a Or b
O
68
Nickname for antibodies
Agglutinins
69
What happens when you receive the wrong blood type in a transfusion
Agglutination: clumping of RBCs
Hemolyze: RBCs break apart
70
How do you develop an anti-Rh antibodies in Rh negative people
Exposure through a blood transfusion or childbirth. Or… It develops spontaneously during the first six months of life
71
What is the name of the test to determine blood types of donors and recipients
Across match test
Clumping indicates that a certain surface antigen is present
72
What is the universal blood donor
0-
73
Who are the universal recipient blood donors
Ab
74
How does the cardiovascular system try to minimize blood loss
- reducing volume of affected blood vessels
| - Stepping up production of red blood cells
75
What percentage of blood loss can lead to pallor and weakness
15 to 30%
76
Percentage of blood loss can lead to potentially fatal severe shock
30%
77
If someone is in need of a blood transfusion but you don’t know their blood type what solution would you give and why
Normal saline because it mimics Plasma electrolyte composition
78
What type of transfusion when you get when blood loss is rapid and substantial
Whole blood transfusion
79
What is the preferred method of blood transfusion And why
Packed red blood cells are preferred to restore oxygen carrying capacities (The WBCs and plasma Are removed)
80
What is another word for agglutination
“ clumping”
81
What is auto Logus transfusion
When you pre-donate and store that was in case you ever need it
82
What are some characteristics of white blood cells
- larger than RBCs
- defend body against pathogens
- remove toxins
- lack hemoglobin
- short life span
- some wbs migrate and leave the blood stream
83
What are the two categories of white blood cells
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
84
List the four characteristics of circulating WBCs
- all are capable of amoeboid movement
- all can migrate outside of the bloodstream through diapedesis or emigration
- all are attracted to specific chemicals stimuli
- monocytes Esinophils and neutrophils are phagocytes
85
What makes lymphocytes different from the other white blood cells
Info sites are responsible for specific defences all other wbc’s are part of the bodies nonspecific defenses. They respond to any threat without identifying a specific pathogen
86
What’s so special about neutrophils
Make up 50 to 70% of circulating WBCs, has a dense nucleus with many lobes do usually the first to arrive at an injury site, they’re very active phagocytes attacking and digesting bacteria, Short lifespan approximately 10 hours
87
What’s so special about Eosinophils
Make up 2 to 4% of circulating WBCs, very small in size, have granules that stain red, has a two lobed nucleus, are phagocytic, increasing numbers during parasitic infection or allergic reactions, release enzymes that reduce inflammation
88
What’s so special about basil fills
Smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils, very rare make up less than 1% of WBCs, many granule stain deep purple, when they migrate injury sites they release heparin and histamine to prevent blood clotting and dilate blood vessels
89
What’s so special about monocytes
Really big. Twice the size of a typical RBC, has a bean shaped nucleus, 2 to 8% of circulating WBC’s, migrate into tissues and become macro phages, very aggressive phagocytes
90
What’s so special about lymphocytes
Slightly larger than the average RBC, large nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm, make up 20 to 40% of circulating WBC‘s, they migrate in and out of peripheral tissues, some attack foreign cells While others secrete antibodies into circulation
91
Reduce numbers of WBCs is called what
Leukopenia
92
Excessive numbers of WBCs is called what
Leucocytosis
93
What is indicated by extreme leucocytosis or by presence of abnormal or immature WBCs
Leukaemia
94
Where do WBCs originate from
In the red bone marrow from Haemocytoblast And a process called haematopoiesis
95
What’s a Haemocytoblast
They are found in the red bone marrow of adults. They divide into two types of some cells that produce all formed elements
96
Haemocytoblast divide into what two cells
Lymphoid stem cells and my Lloyd stem cells
97
Tell me about lymphoid stem cells
They produce lymphocytes some stay in the red bone marrow which they originate from while others will migrate to other lymphoid tissues these include define a spleen and lymph nodes
98
Tell me about myeloid stem cells
Cells that originate in the red bone marrow that divide to all types of formed elements that are not lymphocytes
99
What are Colony stimulating factors
Hormones released by activate a lymphocytes during an immune response to stimulate blood cell formation
100
What are megakarocytes
Huge cells with a huge nuclei, they Manufacture structural proteins, enzyme and membranes before shutting cytoplasm into small membrane enclosed packet these packets are the platelets to enter the bloodstream
101
What are the three band cells
Neutrophil Eosinophil basophils
102
What is What is erythropoietin
When tissues experience hypoxia (Low oxygen levels) This is released into the plasma. Once in the bloodstream to areas of red bone marrow stimulates stem cells to produce RBCs
103
Name the four reasons why EPO is released
1. During anaemia
2. Decrease blood flow to the kidneys
3. When oxygen in the lungs declines to to decrease or increase in altitude
4. Respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged
104
Platelets - In non humans- exist as nucleated cells called what
Thrombocytes
105
What is the major role of platelets
Initiate the clotting process and how close injured blood vessels
106
How long do platelets circulate
9 to 12 days
107
Low count of platelets is called what
Thrombocytopenia
108
Hi count platelets is called
Thrombocytosis
109
What is the first stage of homeostasis and describe it
Vascular stage. Damage to endothelium triggers contraction and smooth muscle fibres called vascular spasm
110
Describe vascular spasm
Diameter deep creases the slows or stops. Last 30 minutes. Endothelial cells become sticky
111
What is the second phase of clotting
the platelet phase . Platelets attach to sticky endothelium and collagen. A plug is formed after more
112
What is the third stage of clotting
Coagulation. Fibrogen converts into insoluble fibrin  .
| A very complex sequence of events this point. This is where the fibrin net work and a blood clot is formed
113
What are some important clotting factors
Vitamin K, pro enzymes, cascade of events, extrinsic/intrinsic/common pathways
114
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
More damage the more tissue factor is released in the faster the clotting happens. Calcium’s d factor combine to form an enzyme
115
Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting
Activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen at injury site. Platelet factor is the released and a clot forms
116
Clot formation is what type of feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
117
Pathway of blood clotting
Begins when enzymes from either extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate factor. Factor activates prothrombin activator which converts prothrombin to thrombin
118
Two key components to clotting
Calcium ions and vitamin K
119
What is clot retraction
Platelets contract pulling torn edges of us are closer together clot then dissolves into fibrin
