Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of blood

A

Distributes oxygen and carbon dioxide blood cells, nutrients, hormones, transports wastes, assists in temperature regulation, defends against diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do arteries do

A

Carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do veins do

A

Return blood from capillaries to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many litres of blood does the average male hold

A

5 to 6 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many litres of blood is the average female hold

A

4 to 5 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whole blood is divided into two major properties. What are they

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three components and plasma

A

7% plasma proteins, 92% water and one percent other solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the composition of formed elements

A

Platelets 0.1%, white blood cells 0.1% and red blood cells 99.9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two facts about blood’s

Consistency and acidity

A

What is five times as viscous as water and it has a pH of 7.40 ( Normal ranges 7.35- 7.45)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is haematocrit

A

The percentage of whole blood volume. It is also called the packed cell volume. Average for females is 42%, and 47% in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List three types of plasma proteins

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tell me about plasma proteins

A

Plasma proteins are in solution. Their large size and globular shapes usually prevent them from leaving the bloodstream. The liver synthesizes and releases more than 90% of all plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tell me about platelets

A

Small, contains enzymes and other substances that help in the clotting process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the five classes of leucocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are red blood cells essential for

A

Oxygen transport in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Buffy coat made of

A

White blood cells and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the temperature of blood

A

38 Degrees Celsius just slightly above body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 4 characteristics of blood

A
  • five times more viscous than water
  • PH is slightly alkaline 7.40
  • It’s a type of connective tissue
  • Temperature is 38°
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the procedure called where whole blood is collected from veins

A

Venipuncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do we collect from arterial puncture

A

To evaluate the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Plasma is made up of what three components

A

Water, plasma proteins, other solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three major types of plasma

A

Albumins, globulins, Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What organ synthesizers 90% of plasma proteins

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the red pigment molecule found in red blood cells

A

Haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are red blood cell counts measured

A

Cells per microliter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is haematocrit

A

The percentage of whole blood occupied by RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the haematocrit percentage of males versus females

A

Males - 46, females- 42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave shape 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is the biconcave shape of red blood cells in

A
  • large surface area allows for quicker diffusion

- Flexible enough to squeeze through your OK pillories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do red blood cells rely on to give them energy since they lack mitochondria

A

Anaerobic metabolism of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Haemoglobin counts for what percentage of all RBC proteins

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Haemoglobin is made up of what proteins

A

4 Globular proteins each with a heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the hemoglobin do

A

Oxygen binds to heme and carbon dioxide binds to globulin 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name the two causes of anaemia

A

Low haematocrit and reduced haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Three circumstances that can lead to anaemia

A

1 blood loss
2 not enough RBCs produced
3 too many RBCs being drestoyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain the two causes of anemia by blood loss

A

Rapid blood loss and persistent blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Characteristics of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Not enough red blood cells being produced as a result of blood loss or low iron intake.

Red blood cells are called microcytes (small and pale )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Characteristics of pernicious anemia

A

Autoimmune disease that destroys the stomach lining. The stomach lining produces intrinsic factor. The intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B 12. Vitamin B 12 is needed to help red blood cells divide. These cells are called macro sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Renal anemia

A

Not enough red blood cells being produced because the kidneys cannot produce. Usually connected to renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Destruction of red bone marrow. Can be caused by drugs chemicals radiation or viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are two types of anaemia in which too many red blood cells are being destroyed

A

Thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Explain thalassaemia

A

Globin and chain is not present or faulty, red blood cells are thin delicate and deficient in hemoglobin. This is genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Explain sickle cell anaemia

A

Only one amino acid is wrong. Red blood cells are crescent shaped when oxygen levels are low. For example during exercise. The red blood cells are miss shaped therefore poor oxygen delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

People with sickle cell anaemia cannot contract what does

A

Malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How to prevent sickling in Sickle cell anaemia

A

Nitric oxide, gene therapy, stem cell transplant, hydroxyurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is polycythaemia

A

When too many red blood cells are produced. Making blood thicker and slowing down blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is blood doping

A

When athletes remove store and re-infuse RBCs to increase oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to increase stamina

49
Q

What are the downsides of blood doping

A

Can cause blood to be very sluggish leading to possible stroke or heart failure

50
Q

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells

A

120 days

51
Q

What happens to red blood cells when they die

A

They are engulfed by macro phages in the liver spleen and red bone marrow

52
Q

What Is the process called when a red blood cell ruptures in the blood stream

A

hemolyze

53
Q

What is haemoglobinuria

A

Red or brown Urine caused by large numbers of red blood cells breaking down in the blood stream

54
Q

What is it called when you have excessive levels of bilirubin in blood

A

Jaundice

55
Q

Explain the difference in genders when it comes to iron reserves

A

Men have more iron reserves than women. If inadequate and women, iron deficiency anaemia may occur

56
Q

What is the process by which red blood cells are formed

A

Erythropoiesis

57
Q

Where in the body are red blood cells formed

A

The red bone marrow

58
Q

Name the stages in red blood cell maturation

A
  1. Haemocytoblast
  2. Erythroblasts
  3. Reticulocytes
59
Q

Under what circumstances are erythropoietin released

A

Hypoxia, when anaemia occurs, when blood flow to kidney decreases, when oxygen content in the air of the long of the clones, when damage to respiratory services occur

60
Q

What three things do we need in our diet for erythropoiesis

A

acids, lipids and carbs

61
Q

Where in the body does the iron found in haemoglobin come from

A

Liver spleen and bone marrow

62
Q

What do free iron ions bind to in order to not be toxic

A

Proteins

63
Q

What are EPO infusions good for

A

Cancer patients to recover from chemo, patient recovered from blood loss

64
Q

What organ is mainly responsible for releasing Epo

A

Kidney And a tiny bit from the liver

65
Q

What do you antigens trigger

A

An immune response

66
Q

What determines your blood

A

The presence or absence of specific antigens on the membranes of red blood cells

67
Q

What blood type has neither antigen a Or b

A

O

68
Q

Nickname for antibodies

A

Agglutinins

69
Q

What happens when you receive the wrong blood type in a transfusion

A

Agglutination: clumping of RBCs
Hemolyze: RBCs break apart

70
Q

How do you develop an anti-Rh antibodies in Rh negative people

A

Exposure through a blood transfusion or childbirth. Or… It develops spontaneously during the first six months of life

71
Q

What is the name of the test to determine blood types of donors and recipients

A

Across match test

Clumping indicates that a certain surface antigen is present

72
Q

What is the universal blood donor

A

0-

73
Q

Who are the universal recipient blood donors

A

Ab

74
Q

How does the cardiovascular system try to minimize blood loss

A
  • reducing volume of affected blood vessels

- Stepping up production of red blood cells

75
Q

What percentage of blood loss can lead to pallor and weakness

A

15 to 30%

76
Q

Percentage of blood loss can lead to potentially fatal severe shock

A

30%

77
Q

If someone is in need of a blood transfusion but you don’t know their blood type what solution would you give and why

A

Normal saline because it mimics Plasma electrolyte composition

78
Q

What type of transfusion when you get when blood loss is rapid and substantial

A

Whole blood transfusion

79
Q

What is the preferred method of blood transfusion And why

A

Packed red blood cells are preferred to restore oxygen carrying capacities (The WBCs and plasma Are removed)

80
Q

What is another word for agglutination

A

“ clumping”

81
Q

What is auto Logus transfusion

A

When you pre-donate and store that was in case you ever need it

82
Q

What are some characteristics of white blood cells

A
  • larger than RBCs
  • defend body against pathogens
  • remove toxins
  • lack hemoglobin
  • short life span
  • some wbs migrate and leave the blood stream
83
Q

What are the two categories of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

84
Q

List the four characteristics of circulating WBCs

A
  • all are capable of amoeboid movement
  • all can migrate outside of the bloodstream through diapedesis or emigration
  • all are attracted to specific chemicals stimuli
  • monocytes Esinophils and neutrophils are phagocytes
85
Q

What makes lymphocytes different from the other white blood cells

A

Info sites are responsible for specific defences all other wbc’s are part of the bodies nonspecific defenses. They respond to any threat without identifying a specific pathogen

86
Q

What’s so special about neutrophils

A

Make up 50 to 70% of circulating WBCs, has a dense nucleus with many lobes do usually the first to arrive at an injury site, they’re very active phagocytes attacking and digesting bacteria, Short lifespan approximately 10 hours

87
Q

What’s so special about Eosinophils

A

Make up 2 to 4% of circulating WBCs, very small in size, have granules that stain red, has a two lobed nucleus, are phagocytic, increasing numbers during parasitic infection or allergic reactions, release enzymes that reduce inflammation

88
Q

What’s so special about basil fills

A

Smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils, very rare make up less than 1% of WBCs, many granule stain deep purple, when they migrate injury sites they release heparin and histamine to prevent blood clotting and dilate blood vessels

89
Q

What’s so special about monocytes

A

Really big. Twice the size of a typical RBC, has a bean shaped nucleus, 2 to 8% of circulating WBC’s, migrate into tissues and become macro phages, very aggressive phagocytes

90
Q

What’s so special about lymphocytes

A

Slightly larger than the average RBC, large nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm, make up 20 to 40% of circulating WBC‘s, they migrate in and out of peripheral tissues, some attack foreign cells While others secrete antibodies into circulation

91
Q

Reduce numbers of WBCs is called what

A

Leukopenia

92
Q

Excessive numbers of WBCs is called what

A

Leucocytosis

93
Q

What is indicated by extreme leucocytosis or by presence of abnormal or immature WBCs

A

Leukaemia

94
Q

Where do WBCs originate from

A

In the red bone marrow from Haemocytoblast And a process called haematopoiesis

95
Q

What’s a Haemocytoblast

A

They are found in the red bone marrow of adults. They divide into two types of some cells that produce all formed elements

96
Q

Haemocytoblast divide into what two cells

A

Lymphoid stem cells and my Lloyd stem cells

97
Q

Tell me about lymphoid stem cells

A

They produce lymphocytes some stay in the red bone marrow which they originate from while others will migrate to other lymphoid tissues these include define a spleen and lymph nodes

98
Q

Tell me about myeloid stem cells

A

Cells that originate in the red bone marrow that divide to all types of formed elements that are not lymphocytes

99
Q

What are Colony stimulating factors

A

Hormones released by activate a lymphocytes during an immune response to stimulate blood cell formation

100
Q

What are megakarocytes

A

Huge cells with a huge nuclei, they Manufacture structural proteins, enzyme and membranes before shutting cytoplasm into small membrane enclosed packet these packets are the platelets to enter the bloodstream

101
Q

What are the three band cells

A

Neutrophil Eosinophil basophils

102
Q

What is What is erythropoietin

A

When tissues experience hypoxia (Low oxygen levels) This is released into the plasma. Once in the bloodstream to areas of red bone marrow stimulates stem cells to produce RBCs

103
Q

Name the four reasons why EPO is released

A
  1. During anaemia
  2. Decrease blood flow to the kidneys
  3. When oxygen in the lungs declines to to decrease or increase in altitude
  4. Respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged
104
Q

Platelets - In non humans- exist as nucleated cells called what

A

Thrombocytes

105
Q

What is the major role of platelets

A

Initiate the clotting process and how close injured blood vessels

106
Q

How long do platelets circulate

A

9 to 12 days

107
Q

Low count of platelets is called what

A

Thrombocytopenia

108
Q

Hi count platelets is called

A

Thrombocytosis

109
Q

What is the first stage of homeostasis and describe it

A

Vascular stage. Damage to endothelium triggers contraction and smooth muscle fibres called vascular spasm

110
Q

Describe vascular spasm

A

Diameter deep creases the slows or stops. Last 30 minutes. Endothelial cells become sticky

111
Q

What is the second phase of clotting

A

the platelet phase . Platelets attach to sticky endothelium and collagen. A plug is formed after more

112
Q

What is the third stage of clotting

A

Coagulation. Fibrogen converts into insoluble fibrin  .

A very complex sequence of events this point. This is where the fibrin net work and a blood clot is formed

113
Q

What are some important clotting factors

A

Vitamin K, pro enzymes, cascade of events, extrinsic/intrinsic/common pathways

114
Q

Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

A

More damage the more tissue factor is released in the faster the clotting happens. Calcium’s d factor combine to form an enzyme

115
Q

Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting

A

Activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen at injury site. Platelet factor is the released and a clot forms

116
Q

Clot formation is what type of feedback loop

A

Positive feedback loop

117
Q

Pathway of blood clotting

A

Begins when enzymes from either extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate factor. Factor activates prothrombin activator which converts prothrombin to thrombin

118
Q

Two key components to clotting

A

Calcium ions and vitamin K

119
Q

What is clot retraction

A

Platelets contract pulling torn edges of us are closer together clot then dissolves into fibrin

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions