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Anatomy > Blood vessels and circulation > Flashcards

Blood vessels and circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define arteries

A

Carry blood Away from the heart to the body including the lungs

Branch into arterials

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2
Q

Define arterioles

A

Arise from arteries and branch into capillaries

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3
Q

Define Capilleries

A

Smallest vessels in the Cardiovascular system
Arise from arterioles and drain into venules
Chemical and gas exchange occur here

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4
Q

Define venules

A

Transport blood between capillaries and veins

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5
Q

Define veins

A

Return blood to the atria of the heart

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6
Q

What is the Tunica intima what is it look like

A

The innermost layer. Has a basement membrane Surrounded by a layer of connective tissue with elastic fibres

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7
Q

What is the tunica media what does it look like

A

The middle layer that controls the diameter of the vessel. Contains smooth muscle with loose connective tissue

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8
Q

What’s the Tunica externa and what does it look like

A

The outer most layer it’s a sheath of connective tissue around the vessel and it anchors or stabilizes the vessel to other tissues

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9
Q

How are arteries different from other vessels

A

Their lumen is smaller than veins
Thicker walls than veins
Thicker tunica media
Vasoconstriction… Decrease in diameter. Vasodilation… Increase in diameter

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10
Q

The first and largest type of arteries leaving the heart

A

The elastic arteries… Pulmonary trunk aorta and major branches.

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11
Q

Characteristics of elastic arteries

A

Have more elastic fibres than smooth muscle fibers. Large and resilient, absorb pressure changes readily

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12
Q

Characteristics of muscular arteries

A

Also called medium size arteries or distribution arteries… External carotid arteries. Distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs. Higher proportion of smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibres

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13
Q

Characteristics of arterioles

A

Middle layer has one to two layers of smooth muscle. Internal diameter of a boat 30 UM. Diameter changes in response to various stimuli such as low oxygen level

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14
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

The only vessel whose walls allow for exchange between blood and interstitial fluid. Only has an inner layer So that there is a short diffusion distance small diameter slows flow to increase diffusion rate. So many that this provides huge surface area for increase diffusion

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15
Q

What is a Capillery bed

A

It’s gatekeeper is the precapillary sphincter. When the sphincter relaxes flow is increased. Occurs in cycles referred to as vasomotion. Control of vasomotion add tissue level is called autoregulation

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16
Q

What is anastomosis

A

Joining of blood vessels. Forms alternate routes for blood flow

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17
Q

Arteriovenous anastomosis

A

Artery bypass is Capillery bed and go straight for the vein

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18
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A

When arteries fused before branching into arterials. This ensures delivery of blood to capillary beds of key areas such as brain and heart

19
Q

Give me an example of a large vein

A

The vena cava

20
Q

The size of veins are classified by what

A

The internal diameter

21
Q

Physical attributes of veins

A

Relatively thin wall due to low blood pressure inside of them
Medium size beans contain valves. Valves are full of tunica intima, they prevent backflow and improve venous return

22
Q

Cardiac output equals what

A

Blood flow

23
Q

What two factors influence blood flow

A

Pressure and resistance

24
Q

Liquids move among what gradient

A

Pressure gradient

25
Q

The largest pressure gradient exists Where?

A

Between the base of the aorta and the entrance to the right atrium this is called the circulatory pressure. Average is 100 mm Hg. It forces blood through arterials into Capilleries and is divided into three components one arterial, Capilleries and venous pressure

26
Q

What is resistance

A

A force that opposes movement. Circulatory pressure must be high enough to overcome total peripheral resistance of the entire cardiovascular system. Sources of resistance include… Vascular, viscosity, turbulence

27
Q

What is vascular resistance

A

Resistance of blood vessels to blood flow. Cosmos sleep by friction between blood and blood vessels this is the largest component of peripheral resistance. Long vessel equals high resistance small diameter and vessel equals resistance

28
Q

What is viscosity

A

Thickness. Blood has five times The viscosity of water. For the most part the viscosity of blood is consistent. The only time it changes with anemia. I need me a reduces viscosity

29
Q

Turbulence

A

Turbulent blood flow across falls produces the sound of heart murmur

30
Q

Of the three Types of resistance only this type can be changed by nervous and endocrine systems

A

Vascular resistance

31
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Peak pressure measured during ventricular contraction

32
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Minimum pressure at the end of ventricular relaxation

33
Q

What is pulse

A

Rhythmic alternating changes and pressure with each heartbeat

34
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. Elastic rebound can result in fluctuation of pressures

35
Q

Any material that Isn’t reabsorbed into the Capilleries is picked up by what

A

Lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream

36
Q

What are the four functions of Capillery exchange

A

Communication, distribution, transport, defence

37
Q

Mechanisms of Capillery exchange

A

Exchange is vital to maintain homeostasis. The mechanisms include… Diffusion, filtration, reabsorption

38
Q

What is Capillery hydrostatic pressure

A

High at arterial and low Appiness and

39
Q

What is blood osmotic pressure

A

Higher than osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid due to dissolve plasma proteins, constant along length of capillary.

40
Q

2 factors that help blood flow overcome gravity

A

Muscular compression and respiratory pump

41
Q

What is muscular compression

A

Pushes on outside of veins as nearby skeletal muscles contract. Valves prevent backflow

42
Q

What is respiratory pump

A

Results from decrease in thoracic pressures during inhalation. Pulls blood into inferior vena cava from abdominal veins

43
Q

Neural control of blood pressure and flow

A

Medulla obolngota responds to changes in order to maintain aduquate blood flow. Increases cardiac output via sympathetic innervention and reduces co by parasympathetic Innervention

44
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Monitor degree of stretch in walls or expandable organs

Ex carotid sinuses, aortic arch

Anatomy (5 decks)

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